Can now compile functions (and apply them) in C++.

15 files changed, 759 insertions, 131 deletions

diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
index 560068499..7651b58a1 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
      ["i" int]
      ["[0]" i64]]]
    [meta
+    ["[0]" macro
+     ["[1]" local]]
     [type
      ["[0]" nominal]]]]]
  [// (.only Arithmetic)])
@@ -126,7 +128,6 @@
 
       [(Fixed @) nominal.abstraction + i.+]
       [(Fixed @) nominal.abstraction - i.-]
-      [(Fixed @) nominal.abstraction % i.%]
 
       [Bit |> = i.=]
       [Bit |> < i.<]
@@ -135,20 +136,95 @@
       [Bit |> >= i.>=]
       )
 
-    (with_template [<fp> <u> <s>]
-      [(def .public (<fp> @ parameter subject)
-         (All (_ @)
-           (-> (Point @) (Fixed @) (Fixed @)
-               (Fixed @)))
-         (fixed @
-                (<u> (units @ parameter)
-                     (units @ subject))
-                (.rev (<s> (.nat (sub_units @ parameter))
-                           (.nat (sub_units @ subject))))))]
-
-      [* i.* n.*]
-      [/ i./ n./]
+    (with_template [<quarter> <name>]
+      [(def <name>
+         (All (_ of)
+           (-> (I64 of)
+               (I64 of)))
+         (let [left (n.- (n.* (++ <quarter>) 16) i64.width)
+               right (n.+ (n.* <quarter> 16) left)]
+           (|>> (i64.left_shifted left)
+                (i64.right_shifted right))))]
+
+      [0 ll]
+      [1 lh]
+      [2 hl]
+      [3 hh]
+      )
+
+    (def low
+      (All (_ of)
+        (-> (I64 of)
+            (I64 of)))
+      (i64.and (i64.mask 32)))
+
+    (def high
+      (All (_ of)
+        (-> (I64 of)
+            (I64 of)))
+      (i64.right_shifted 32))
+
+    (with_template [<shift> <name>]
+      [(def <name>
+         (All (_ of)
+           (-> (I64 of)
+               (I64 of)))
+         (i64.left_shifted <shift>))]
+
+      [16 up/16]
+      [32 up/32]
       )
+
+    (def .public (* @ parameter subject)
+      (All (_ @)
+        (-> (Point @) (Fixed @) (Fixed @)
+            (Fixed @)))
+      (let [mask (i64.mask (nominal.representation Point @))]
+        (macro.let [units' (template (_ <it>)
+                             [(i.right_shifted (nominal.representation Point @) <it>)])
+                    sub_units' (template (_ <it>)
+                                 [(i64.and mask <it>)])
+                    high_sub_units' (template (_ <it>)
+                                      [(i64.right_shifted (nominal.representation Point @) <it>)])]
+          (let [parameter (nominal.representation parameter)
+                subject (nominal.representation subject)
+
+                s::u (units' subject)
+                s::s (sub_units' subject)
+                
+                p::u (units' parameter)
+                p::s (sub_units' parameter)
+                
+                s*p (i.* s::u p::s)
+                p*s (i.* p::u s::s)
+                
+                x::u (all i.+
+                          (i.* p::u
+                               s::u)
+                          (units' s*p)
+                          (units' p*s)
+                          )
+                x::s (all i.+
+                          (high_sub_units'
+                           (i.* p::s
+                                s::s))
+                          (sub_units' s*p)
+                          (sub_units' p*s)
+                          )]
+            (nominal.abstraction
+             (.int (i64.or (of_units @ x::u)
+                           x::s)))))))
+
+    (def .public (/ @ parameter subject)
+      (All (_ @)
+        (-> (Point @) (Fixed @) (Fixed @)
+            (Fixed @)))
+      (|> subject
+          nominal.representation
+          (i64.left_shifted (nominal.representation Point @))
+          (i./ (nominal.representation parameter))
+          (i.right_shifted (nominal.representation Point @))
+          nominal.abstraction))
     )
   )
 
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++.lux
index 6b1423ba0..207a9e98e 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++.lux
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
   ["[1][0]" primitive]
   ["[1][0]" complex]
   ["[1][0]" reference]
-  ... ["[1][0]" function]
+  ["[1][0]" function]
   ["[1][0]" when]
   ... ["[1][0]" loop]
   [///
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
       [@ {synthesis.#Reference it}]
       (when it
         {reference.#Variable it}
-        (/reference.variable it)
+        (phase#in (/reference.variable it))
         
         {reference.#Constant it}
         (/reference.constant archive it))
@@ -88,11 +88,14 @@
       ... (synthesis.loop/again @ updates)
       ... (/loop.again phase archive updates)
 
+      (synthesis.function/abstraction @ [environment arity (synthesis.loop/scope @ [1 (list) iteration])])
+      (/function.abstraction phase archive [environment arity iteration])
+
       ... (synthesis.function/abstraction @ abstraction)
       ... (/function.abstraction phase archive abstraction)
 
-      ... (synthesis.function/apply @ application)
-      ... (/function.apply phase archive application)
+      (synthesis.function/apply @ it)
+      (/function.reification phase archive it)
 
       ... [@ {synthesis.#Extension [name parameters]}]
       ... (extension.application extender lux phase archive .Translation false name parameters
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/function.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/function.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7d1ab4d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/function.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+... This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0.
+... If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+(.require
+ [library
+  [lux (.except)
+   [abstract
+    ["[0]" monad (.only do)]]
+   [data
+    [collection
+     ["[0]" list (.use "[1]#[0]" functor mix)]]]
+   [meta
+    [compiler
+     [target
+      ["_" c++]]]]]]
+ ["[0]" //
+  ["[0]" runtime]
+  ["[0]" reference]
+  [////
+   [analysis (.only Reification)]
+   [synthesis (.only Abstraction)]
+   ["[0]" phase]
+   [///
+    [meta
+     ["[0]" cache
+      [dependency
+       ["[1]" artifact]]]]]]])
+
+(def .public (reification expression archive [abstraction arguments])
+  (runtime.Term Reification)
+  (do [! phase.monad]
+    [abstraction (expression archive abstraction)
+     arguments (monad.each ! (expression archive) arguments)]
+    (in (runtime.on arguments abstraction))))
+
+(def .public (abstraction next archive [environment arity body])
+  (runtime.Term Abstraction)
+  (do [! phase.monad]
+    [dependencies (cache.dependencies archive body)
+     body (next archive body)
+     .let [$self (reference.local 0)
+           $arguments (reference.local (-- 0))]]
+    (in (<| (runtime.function (_.int (.int arity)))
+            (_.lambda (|> environment
+                          list.enumeration
+                          (list#each (function (_ [register variable])
+                                       (_.alias (reference.foreign register)
+                                                (reference.variable variable)))))
+                      (list [runtime.value_type $self]
+                            [(_.* runtime.value_type) $arguments])
+                      {.#Some runtime.value_type}
+                      (list#mix _.then
+                                (_.return body)
+                                (list#each (function (_ register')
+                                             (_.variable (reference.local (++ register'))
+                                                         runtime.value_type
+                                                         (_.item (_.int (.int register'))
+                                                                 $arguments)))
+                                           (list.indices arity))))))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/reference.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/reference.lux
index f449c76bf..d5c64b4ec 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/reference.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/reference.lux
@@ -48,14 +48,13 @@
 
 (def .public variable
   (-> Variable
-      (Operation _.Local))
+      _.Local)
   (|>> (|.when
          {variable.#Local it}
          (..local it)
          
          {variable.#Foreign it}
-         (..foreign it))
-       phase#in))
+         (..foreign it))))
 
 (def .public (constant archive it)
   (-> Archive Symbol
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/runtime.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/runtime.lux
index aff1774a1..14e791d31 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/runtime.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/c++/runtime.lux
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 (.require
  [library
   [lux (.except Type Declaration
-                Bit I64 F64 Text Variant Tuple)
+                Bit I64 F64 Text Variant Tuple
+                function)
    [abstract
     ["[0]" monad (.only do)]]
    [data
@@ -70,34 +71,40 @@
 (def name
   (syntax (_ [])
     (|> meta.seed
-        (meta#each (|>> %.nat
-                        (%.format ..namespace)
+        (meta#each (|>> %.nat_16
+                        (%.format "_")
                         code.text
                         list)))))
 
 (with_expansions [<clean_up> (..name)
 
                   <Variant> (..name)
-                  <lefts> (..name)
-                  <right?> (..name)
-                  <choice> (..name)
+                  <Variant#lefts> (..name)
+                  <Variant#right?> (..name)
+                  <Variant#choice> (..name)
 
                   <Tuple> (..name)
-                  <arity> (..name)
-                  <values> (..name)
+                  <Tuple#arity> (..name)
+                  <Tuple#values> (..name)
+
+                  <Function> (..name)
+                  <Function#arity> (..name)
+                  <Function#partiality> (..name)
+                  <Function#partials> (..name)
+                  <Function#closure> (..name)
 
                   <Type> (..name)
-                  <bit?> (..name)
-                  <i64?> (..name)
-                  <f64?> (..name)
-                  <text?> (..name)
-                  <variant?> (..name)
-                  <tuple?> (..name)
-                  <function?> (..name)
+                  <Type#Bit> (..name)
+                  <Type#I64> (..name)
+                  <Type#F64> (..name)
+                  <Type#Text> (..name)
+                  <Type#Variant> (..name)
+                  <Type#Tuple> (..name)
+                  <Type#Function> (..name)
 
                   <Object> (..name)
-                  <Object/type> (..name)
-                  <Object/value> (..name)
+                  <Object#type> (..name)
+                  <Object#value> (..name)
 
                   <unit> (..name)
 
@@ -110,8 +117,10 @@
                   <variant_right?> (..name)
                   <variant_choice> (..name)
 
-                  <tuple_arity> (..name)
-                  <tuple_member> (..name)]
+                  <tuple::arity> (..name)
+                  <tuple::member> (..name)
+
+                  <function::on> (..name)]
   (with_template [<code> <name>]
     [(def .public <name>
        Nat
@@ -140,8 +149,8 @@
     [variant_right? <variant_right?>]
     [variant_choice <variant_choice>]
 
-    [tuple_arity <tuple_arity>]
-    [tuple_member <tuple_member>]
+    [tuple::arity <tuple::arity>]
+    [tuple::member <tuple::member>]
     )
   
   (def object_type
@@ -151,6 +160,10 @@
   (def .public value_type
     _.Type
     (type.shared_ptr object_type))
+
+  (def closure_type
+    _.Type
+    (type.function (list value_type (_.* value_type)) value_type))
   
   (def .public clean_up
     (-> _.Type
@@ -167,18 +180,23 @@
   (def tuple_type
     (_.type (_.global [(list ..namespace) <Tuple>] (list))))
 
+  (def function_type
+    _.Type
+    (_.type (_.global [(list ..namespace) <Function>] (list))))
+
   (with_template [<name> <tag> <type>]
     [(def .public <name>
        ..Type
        [(_.global [(list ..namespace <Type>) <tag>] (list))
         <type>])]
 
-    [Bit <bit?> //type.bit]
-    [I64 <i64?> //type.i64]
-    [F64 <f64?> //type.f64]
-    [Text <text?> //type.text]
-    [Variant <variant?> ..variant_type]
-    [Tuple <tuple?> ..tuple_type]
+    [Bit <Type#Bit> //type.bit]
+    [I64 <Type#I64> //type.i64]
+    [F64 <Type#F64> //type.f64]
+    [Text <Type#Text> //type.text]
+    [Variant <Type#Variant> ..variant_type]
+    [Tuple <Type#Tuple> ..tuple_type]
+    [Function <Type#Function> ..function_type]
     )
 
   (def (lux_value [tag of] it)
@@ -188,11 +206,20 @@
                 (clean_up of))
           (_.global [(list _.standard) "shared_ptr"] (list object_type))))
 
+  (def .public (on arguments abstraction)
+    (-> (List _.Expression) _.Expression
+        _.Expression)
+    (let [arity (|> arguments list.size .int _.int)]
+      (_.on (list arity
+                  (_.new (_.array value_type arity arguments))
+                  abstraction)
+            (_.global [(list ..namespace) <function::on>] (list)))))
+
   (def .public (host_value of it)
     (-> _.Type _.Expression
         _.Expression)
     (|> it
-        (_.the* <Object/value>)
+        (_.the* <Object#value>)
         (_.is (_.* of))))
 
   (def .public (simple [tag of] it)
@@ -221,28 +248,53 @@
           _.new
           (lux_value ..Tuple))))
 
+  (def .public (function' partiality partials arity it)
+    (-> _.Expression _.Expression _.Expression _.Expression
+        _.Expression)
+    (|> (list arity
+              partiality
+              partials
+              it)
+        (_.structure ..function_type)
+        _.new
+        (lux_value ..Function)))
+
+  (def .public (function arity it)
+    (-> _.Expression _.Expression
+        _.Expression)
+    (let [partiality (_.int +0)]
+      (function' partiality
+                 (_.new (_.array value_type partiality (list)))
+                 arity
+                 it)))
+
   (def .public declaration
     _.Declaration
     (let [$Variant (_.local <Variant>)
+          
           $Tuple (_.local <Tuple>)
-          $values (_.local <values>)
+          $values (_.local <Tuple#values>)
+
+          $Function (_.local <Function>)
+          $Function/partials (_.local <Function#partials>)
 
           $Type (_.local <Type>)
-          $bit? (_.local <bit?>)
-          $i64? (_.local <i64?>)
-          $f64? (_.local <f64?>)
-          $text? (_.local <text?>)
-          $variant? (_.local <variant?>)
-          $tuple? (_.local <tuple?>)
-          $function? (_.local <function?>)
+          $bit? (_.local <Type#Bit>)
+          $i64? (_.local <Type#I64>)
+          $f64? (_.local <Type#F64>)
+          $text? (_.local <Type#Text>)
+          $variant? (_.local <Type#Variant>)
+          $tuple? (_.local <Type#Tuple>)
+          $function? (_.local <Type#Function>)
 
           $Object (_.local <Object>)
-          $value (_.local <Object/value>)
+          $value (_.local <Object#value>)
           :Object (_.type $Object)]
       (all _.also
            (_.include "memory")
            (_.include "codecvt")
            (_.include "locale")
+           (_.include "functional")
 
            (<| (_.namespace ..namespace)
                (`` (all _.also
@@ -256,24 +308,32 @@
                                   $function?))
 
                         (<| (_.structure_definition $Object)
-                            [(list [(_.local <Object/type>) (_.type $Type)]
-                                   [(_.local <Object/value>) (_.* type.void)])
+                            [(list [(_.local <Object#type>) (_.type $Type)]
+                                   [(_.local <Object#value>) (_.* type.void)])
                              (list)])
 
                         (<| (_.structure_definition $Variant)
-                            [(list [(_.local <lefts>) //type.lefts]
-                                   [(_.local <right?>) //type.right?]
-                                   [(_.local <choice>) value_type])
+                            [(list [(_.local <Variant#lefts>) //type.lefts]
+                                   [(_.local <Variant#right?>) //type.right?]
+                                   [(_.local <Variant#choice>) value_type])
                              (list)])
 
                         (<| (_.structure_definition $Tuple)
-                            [(list [(_.local <arity>) //type.arity]
+                            [(list [(_.local <Tuple#arity>) //type.arity]
                                    [$values (_.* value_type)])
-                             (list (<| (_.destructor $Tuple)
+                             (list (<| _.destructor
                                        (_.delete_array $values)))])
 
-                        (let [of (_.type_name "Of")
-                              it (_.local "it")]
+                        (<| (_.structure_definition (_.local <Function>))
+                            [(list [(_.local <Function#arity>) //type.arity]
+                                   [(_.local <Function#partiality>) //type.arity]
+                                   [$Function/partials (_.* value_type)]
+                                   [(_.local <Function#closure>) ..closure_type])
+                             (list (<| _.destructor
+                                       (_.delete_array $Function/partials)))])
+
+                        (let [of (_.type_name (..name))
+                              it (_.local (..name))]
                           (_.function (_.local <clean_up>)
                             (list of)
                             (list [(_.* :Object) it])
@@ -288,15 +348,15 @@
                                     (..simple ..Text (_.u32_string "")))
 
                         ... Out functions
-                        (let [it (_.local "it")]
+                        (let [it (_.local (..name))]
                           (_.function (_.local <object_tag>)
                             (list)
                             (list [..value_type it])
                             //type.i64
-                            (_.return (_.the* <Object/type> it))))
+                            (_.return (_.the* <Object#type> it))))
 
                         (,, (with_template [<name> <type>]
-                              [(let [it (_.local "it")]
+                              [(let [it (_.local (..name))]
                                  (_.function (_.local <name>)
                                    (list)
                                    (list [..value_type it])
@@ -307,8 +367,8 @@
                               [<lux_i64> //type.i64]
                               ))
 
-                        (let [it (_.local "it")
-                              converter (_.local "converter")
+                        (let [it (_.local (..name))
+                              converter (_.local (..name))
                               converter_type (_.type (_.global [(list _.standard) "wstring_convert"]
                                                                (list (_.type (_.global [(list _.standard) "codecvt_utf8"]
                                                                                        (list type.char32)))
@@ -325,33 +385,212 @@
                                              converter)))))
 
                         (,, (with_template [<name> <field> <type>]
-                              [(let [it (_.local "it")]
+                              [(let [it (_.local (..name))]
                                  (_.function (_.local <name>)
                                    (list)
                                    (list [..value_type it])
                                    <type>
                                    (_.return (_.the* <field> (host_value ..variant_type it)))))]
 
-                              [<variant_lefts> <lefts> //type.i64]
-                              [<variant_right?> <right?> //type.bit]
-                              [<variant_choice> <choice> ..value_type]
+                              [<variant_lefts> <Variant#lefts> //type.i64]
+                              [<variant_right?> <Variant#right?> //type.bit]
+                              [<variant_choice> <Variant#choice> ..value_type]
                               ))
 
-                        (let [it (_.local "it")]
-                          (_.function (_.local <tuple_arity>)
+                        (let [it (_.local (..name))]
+                          (_.function (_.local <tuple::arity>)
                             (list)
                             (list [..value_type it])
                             //type.i64
-                            (_.return (_.the* <arity> (host_value ..tuple_type it)))))
+                            (_.return (_.the* <Tuple#arity> (host_value ..tuple_type it)))))
 
-                        (let [item (_.local "item")
-                              it (_.local "it")]
-                          (_.function (_.local <tuple_member>)
+                        (let [item (_.local (..name))
+                              it (_.local (..name))]
+                          (_.function (_.local <tuple::member>)
                             (list)
                             (list [//type.i64 item]
                                   [..value_type it])
                             ..value_type
-                            (_.return (_.item item (_.the* <values> (host_value ..tuple_type it))))))
+                            (_.return (_.item item (_.the* <Tuple#values> (host_value ..tuple_type it))))))
+
+                        (let [function::on (_.local <function::on>)
+                              
+                              current_arity (_.local (..name))
+                              arguments (_.local (..name))
+                              it (_.local (..name))
+
+                              partiality (_.local (..name))
+                              expected_arity (_.local (..name))
+                              actual_arity (_.local (..name))
+
+                              partials (is (-> _.Local _.Local _.Local _.Local
+                                               _.Local
+                                               _.Statement)
+                                           (.function (_ old_partiality old_values new_partiality new_values
+                                                         output)
+                                             (let [full_partiality (_.local (..name))
+                                                   item (_.local (..name))]
+                                               (all _.then
+                                                    (_.constant full_partiality
+                                                                //type.arity
+                                                                (_.+ old_partiality new_partiality))
+                                                    (_.constant output
+                                                                (_.* ..value_type)
+                                                                (_.new (_.array value_type full_partiality (list))))
+                                                    (_.for (list [type.int item (_.int +0)])
+                                                           (_.< old_partiality item)
+                                                           (_.:= item (_.+ (_.int +1) item))
+                                                           (_.:= (_.item item output)
+                                                                 (_.item item old_values)))
+                                                    (_.for (list [type.int item (_.int +0)])
+                                                           (_.< new_partiality item)
+                                                           (_.:= item (_.+ (_.int +1) item))
+                                                           (_.:= (_.item (_.+ old_partiality item) output)
+                                                                 (_.item item new_values)))
+                                                    ))))
+                              on#exact (is (-> _.Local _.Local _.Local
+                                               _.Local
+                                               _.Statement)
+                                           (.function (_ current_arity arguments it
+                                                         partiality)
+                                             (let [output (_.local (..name))
+                                                   all_arguments (_.local (..name))
+                                                   old_partials (_.local (..name))]
+                                               (_.if (_.= (_.int +0) partiality)
+                                                 (all _.then
+                                                      (_.constant output
+                                                                  ..value_type
+                                                                  (|> it
+                                                                      (host_value function_type)
+                                                                      (_.the* <Function#closure>)
+                                                                      (_.on (list it arguments))))
+                                                      (_.delete_array arguments)
+                                                      (_.return output)
+                                                      )
+                                                 (all _.then
+                                                      (_.constant old_partials
+                                                                  (_.* ..value_type)
+                                                                  (|> it
+                                                                      (host_value function_type)
+                                                                      (_.the* <Function#partials>)))
+                                                      (partials partiality old_partials current_arity arguments
+                                                                all_arguments)
+                                                      (_.delete_array arguments)
+                                                      (_.constant output
+                                                                  ..value_type
+                                                                  (|> it
+                                                                      (host_value function_type)
+                                                                      (_.the* <Function#closure>)
+                                                                      (_.on (list it all_arguments))))
+                                                      (_.delete_array all_arguments)
+                                                      (_.return output)
+                                                      )))))
+                              on#under (is (-> _.Local _.Local _.Local
+                                               _.Local _.Local _.Local
+                                               _.Statement)
+                                           (.function (_ current_arity arguments it
+                                                         partiality expected_arity actual_arity)
+                                             (let [all_partials (_.local (..name))
+                                                   old_partials (_.local (..name))]
+                                               (all _.then
+                                                    (_.constant old_partials
+                                                                (_.* ..value_type)
+                                                                (|> it
+                                                                    (host_value function_type)
+                                                                    (_.the* <Function#partials>)))
+                                                    (partials partiality old_partials current_arity arguments
+                                                              all_partials)
+                                                    (_.delete_array arguments)
+                                                    (_.return (|> it
+                                                                  (host_value function_type)
+                                                                  (_.the* <Function#closure>)
+                                                                  (function' actual_arity all_partials expected_arity)))
+                                                    ))))
+                              on#over (is (-> _.Local _.Local _.Local
+                                              _.Local _.Local
+                                              _.Statement)
+                                          (.function (_ current_arity arguments it
+                                                        old_partiality expected_arity)
+                                            (let [old_values (_.local (..name))
+                                                  cap_arity (_.local (..name))
+                                                  complete_arguments (_.local (..name))
+                                                  temporary (_.local (..name))
+                                                  new_partiality (_.local (..name))
+                                                  new_partials (_.local (..name))
+                                                  item (_.local (..name))
+
+                                                  assemble_all_arguments!
+                                                  (all _.then
+                                                       (_.constant old_values
+                                                                   (_.* ..value_type)
+                                                                   (|> it
+                                                                       (host_value function_type)
+                                                                       (_.the* <Function#partials>)))
+                                                       (_.constant cap_arity
+                                                                   //type.arity
+                                                                   (_.- old_partiality expected_arity))
+                                                       (partials old_partiality old_values cap_arity arguments
+                                                                 complete_arguments))
+
+                                                  calculate_intermediate_result!
+                                                  (all _.then
+                                                       (_.constant temporary
+                                                                   ..value_type
+                                                                   (|> it
+                                                                       (host_value function_type)
+                                                                       (_.the* <Function#closure>)
+                                                                       (_.on (list it complete_arguments))))
+                                                       (_.delete_array complete_arguments)
+                                                       )
+
+                                                  prepare_next_arguments!
+                                                  (all _.then
+                                                       (_.constant new_partiality
+                                                                   //type.arity
+                                                                   (_.- cap_arity current_arity))
+                                                       (_.constant new_partials
+                                                                   (_.* ..value_type)
+                                                                   (_.new (_.array value_type new_partiality (list))))
+                                                       (_.for (list [type.int item (_.int +0)])
+                                                              (_.< new_partiality item)
+                                                              (_.:= item (_.+ (_.int +1) item))
+                                                              (_.:= (_.item item new_partials)
+                                                                    (_.item (_.+ cap_arity item) arguments)))
+                                                       (_.delete_array arguments)
+                                                       )]
+                                              (all _.then
+                                                   assemble_all_arguments!
+                                                   calculate_intermediate_result!
+                                                   prepare_next_arguments!
+                                                   (_.return (_.on (list new_partiality new_partials temporary)
+                                                                   function::on))
+                                                   ))))]
+                          (_.function function::on
+                            (list)
+                            (list [//type.arity current_arity]
+                                  [(_.* ..value_type) arguments]
+                                  [..value_type it])
+                            ..value_type
+                            (all _.then
+                                 (_.constant partiality
+                                             //type.arity
+                                             (_.the* <Function#partiality> (host_value function_type it)))
+                                 (_.constant expected_arity
+                                             //type.arity
+                                             (_.the* <Function#arity> (host_value function_type it)))
+                                 (_.constant actual_arity
+                                             //type.arity
+                                             (_.+ current_arity partiality))
+                                 (_.if (_.= expected_arity actual_arity)
+                                   (on#exact current_arity arguments it
+                                             partiality)
+                                   (_.if (_.< expected_arity actual_arity)
+                                     (on#under current_arity arguments it
+                                               partiality expected_arity actual_arity)
+                                     (on#over current_arity arguments it
+                                              partiality expected_arity)))
+                                 )
+                            ))
                         ))))))
 
   (def .public unit
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux
index 0ac6a86a6..1ea54e4a2 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux
@@ -56,3 +56,10 @@
                    (//new.instance' (..current_environment class environment) class environment arity)
                    ////reference.this)
                  _.areturn)}))
+
+(def .public (call :it: arity)
+  (-> (Type Class) Arity
+      (Bytecode Any))
+  (if (arity.multiary? arity)
+    (_.invokevirtual :it: ..name (..type :it:))
+    _.nop))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++.lux
index dc080c656..b29ce98ad 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++.lux
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 (.require
  [library
   [lux (.except Code Type Global Declaration Definition
-                int as function template local global type also of is)
+                int as function template local global type also of is if for alias)
    [abstract
     [equivalence (.only Equivalence)]]
    [control
@@ -73,33 +73,39 @@
 
     [Code
      [[Capture []]
-      [Type [of]]
+      [Parameter [of]]
       [Expression [of]]
       [Statement [of]]]]
+
+    [Parameter
+     [[Type [of]]]]
     
     [Type
      [[Type_Name []]]]
 
     [Expression
-     [[Computation [of]]
-      [Reference [of]]]]
+     [[LValue [of]]
+      [RValue [of]]]]
 
-    [Computation
-     [[Literal []]
-      [Instantiation []]]]
+    [LValue
+     [[Reference [of]]]]
 
     [Reference
      [[Local []]
       [Global []]]]
 
+    [RValue
+     [[Literal []]
+      [Computation [of]]]]
+
+    [Computation
+     [[Instantiation []]]]
+
     [Statement
      [[Declaration [of]]]]
 
     [Declaration
      [[Definition [of]]]]
-
-    [Definition
-     [[Method []]]]
     )
 
   (def .public bool
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@
     (|>> <%))
 
   (def instantiation
-    (-> (List Type)
+    (-> (List Parameter)
         Text)
     (|>> (|.when
            (list)
@@ -152,7 +158,7 @@
                (text.enclosed ..template_delimiters)))))
 
   (def .public (global [ns/* name] parameters)
-    (-> [(List Namespace) Text] (List Type)
+    (-> [(List Namespace) Text] (List Parameter)
         Global)
     (<% (let [instance (%.format name (instantiation parameters))]
           (when ns/*
@@ -166,6 +172,16 @@
         Type)
     (|>> nominal.transmutation))
 
+  (def .public (function_type_parameter arguments return)
+    (-> (List Parameter) Parameter
+        Parameter)
+    (|> arguments
+        (list#each ..code)
+        (text.interposed ..parameter_separator)
+        (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters)
+        (%.format (%> return))
+        <%))
+
   (def .public type_name
     (-> Text
         Type_Name)
@@ -185,12 +201,17 @@
          (text.prefix "*")
          <%))
 
+  (def term
+    (-> Text
+        Text)
+    (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters))
+
   (def .public (is type term)
     (-> Type Expression
         Computation)
     (<| <%
-        (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters)
-        (%.format "(" (%> type) ")"
+        ..term
+        (%.format (..term (%> type))
                   " " (%> term))))
 
   (def .public int
@@ -388,11 +409,16 @@
          (%.format "U")
          <%))
 
-  (def .public (destructor of body)
-    (-> Local Statement
+  (.type Method
+    (-> Local
+        Definition))
+
+  (def .public (destructor body)
+    (-> Statement
         Method)
-    (<% (%.format "~" (%> of) "()"
-                  " " (block (%> body)))))
+    (.function (_ of)
+      (<% (%.format "~" (%> of) "()"
+                    " " (block (%> body))))))
 
   (def .public (var_declaration name type)
     (-> Local Type
@@ -410,6 +436,11 @@
         Definition)
     (..statement (%.format (%> type) " " (%> name) " = " (%> value))))
 
+  (def .public (:= location value)
+    (-> LValue Expression
+        Statement)
+    (..statement (%.format (%> location) " = " (%> value))))
+
   (def .public (structure_definition name [fields methods])
     (-> Local [(List [Local Type]) (List Method)]
         Definition)
@@ -420,7 +451,8 @@
                                    (list#each (.function (_ [name type])
                                                 (%> (var_declaration name type)))
                                               fields)
-                                   (list#each ..code
+                                   (list#each (.function (_ it)
+                                                (..code (it name)))
                                               methods))
                               (text.interposed \n))))))
 
@@ -450,11 +482,16 @@
     ["&" all_by_reference]
     )
 
+  (def .public (alias name original)
+    (-> Local Local
+        Capture)
+    (<% (%.format (%> name) " = " (%> original))))
+
   (def .public (lambda captures inputs output body)
     (-> (List Capture) (List Argument) (Maybe Type) Statement
         Expression)
     (<| <%
-        (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters)
+        ..term
         (%.format (..captures captures) (..arguments inputs)
                   (|> output
                       (maybe#each (|>> %> (%.format " -> ")))
@@ -465,7 +502,7 @@
     (-> Expression Expression Expression
         Expression)
     (<| <%
-        (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters)
+        ..term
         (%.format (%> when)
                   " ? " (%> then)
                   " : " (%> else))))
@@ -477,6 +514,57 @@
 
   (def .public (item index array)
     (-> Expression Expression
-        Expression)
+        LValue)
     (<% (%.format (%> array) "[" (%> index) "]")))
+
+  (with_template [<name> <operator>]
+    [(def .public (<name> parameter subject)
+       (-> Expression Expression
+           Expression)
+       (|> (%.format (%> subject) <operator> (%> parameter))
+           ..term
+           <%))]
+
+    [+ " + "]
+    [- " - "]
+    ... [* " * "]
+    [/ " / "]
+    [% " % "]
+    
+    [= " == "]
+    [< " < "]
+    [> " > "]
+    [<= " <= "]
+    [>= " >= "]
+    )
+
+  (def .public (if when then else)
+    (-> Expression Statement Statement
+        Statement)
+    (<% (%.format "if" (..term (%> when))
+                  " " (..block (%> then))
+                  " else " (..block (%> else)))))
+
+  (def (for_initialization [type variable value])
+    (-> [Type Local Expression]
+        Text)
+    (%.format (%> type) " " (%> variable) " = " (%> value)))
+
+  (def for_initializations
+    (-> (List [Type Local Expression])
+        Text)
+    (|>> (list#each ..for_initialization)
+         (text.interposed ..parameter_separator)))
+
+  (def .public (for inits when after body)
+    (-> (List [Type Local Expression]) Expression Statement Statement
+        Statement)
+    (let [setup (|> (list (for_initializations inits)
+                          (%> when)
+                          (|> (%> after)
+                              (text.replaced_once ..statement_separator "")))
+                    (text.interposed (%.format ..statement_separator " "))
+                    (text.enclosed ..term_delimiters))]
+      (<% (%.format "for" setup
+                    " " (..block (%> body))))))
   )
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++/type.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++/type.lux
index e8365ff52..3ee6de6fb 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++/type.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/compiler/target/c++/type.lux
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 (.require
  [library
-  [lux (.except char int)
+  [lux (.except char int function)
    [meta
     [macro
      ["[0]" template]]]]]
@@ -93,3 +93,9 @@
   (|>> list
        (/.global [(list /.standard) "shared_ptr"])
        /.type))
+
+(def .public (function arguments return)
+  (-> (List /.Parameter) /.Parameter
+      /.Type)
+  (/.type (/.global [(list /.standard) "function"]
+                    (list (/.function_type_parameter arguments return)))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/macro/local.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/macro/local.lux
index f5eb2561d..84fbc8b91 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/macro/local.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/macro/local.lux
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@
   (syntax (_ [locals (<code>.tuple (<>.some (<>.and <code>.local <code>.any)))
               body <code>.any])
     (do [! meta.monad]
-      [here_name meta.current_module_name
+      [here meta.current_module_name
        locals (monad.each ! (function (_ [name value])
                               (|> value
                                   (meta.eval .Macro)
                                   (of ! each (|>> (as .Macro)
-                                                  [[here_name name]]))))
+                                                  [[here name]]))))
                           locals)
        expression? (is (Meta Bit)
                        (function (_ lux)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/type/unit.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
index 0473ab18a..454fd8660 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
@@ -88,24 +88,24 @@
 
   (.type .public (Unit of)
     (Interface
-     (is (-> (Measure Any of)
-             Text)
-         format)
      (is (-> Int
              (Measure Any of))
          in)
      (is (-> (Measure Any of)
              Int)
-         out)))
+         out)
+     (is (-> (Measure Any of)
+             Text)
+         format)))
 
   (def .public (unit descriptor)
     (Ex (_ of)
       (-> Text
           (Unit of)))
     (implementation
-     (def format (|>> ..number %.int (text.suffix descriptor)))
      (def in ..measure)
-     (def out ..number)))
+     (def out ..number)
+     (def format (|>> ..number %.int (text.suffix descriptor)))))
   )
 
 (def .public type
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
index 9c8fde31c..aa1288918 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/math/arithmetic/fixed_point.lux
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
    [math
     ["[0]" random (.only Random)]
     [number
-     ["n" nat]]
+     ["n" nat]
+     ["i" int]]
     ["[0]" arithmetic
      ["[1]T" \\test]]]
    [test
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@
   (All (_ @)
     (-> (/.Point @)
         (Random (/.Fixed @))))
-  (do random.monad
-    [units random.int
+  (do [! random.monad]
+    [units (of ! each (i.% +1,000) random.int)
      sub_units random.rev]
     (in (/.fixed @ units sub_units))))
 
@@ -103,15 +104,20 @@
                           (/.+ @ parameter)
                           (/.- @ parameter)
                           (/.= @ subject)))
+                    (_.coverage [/.*]
+                      (and (|> subject
+                               (/.* @ (/.of_int @ +1))
+                               (/.= @ subject))
+                           (|> subject
+                               (/.* @ (/.of_int @ +0))
+                               (/.= @ (/.of_int @ +0)))
+                           (/.= @
+                                (/.* @ parameter subject)
+                                (/.* @ subject parameter))))
                     (_.coverage [/./]
                       (/.= @
                            (/.of_int @ +1)
                            (/./ @ expected expected)))
-                    (_.coverage [/.* /.%]
-                      (let [rem (/.% @ parameter subject)
-                            div (|> subject (/.- @ rem) (/./ @ parameter))]
-                        (/.= @ subject
-                             (|> div (/.* @ parameter) (/.+ @ rem)))))
 
                     (_.coverage [/.format]
                       (let [it (/.format @ expected)]
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method.lux
index a1ab1b312..3e3ec7a84 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method.lux
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
  [\\library
   ["[0]" /]]
  ["[0]" /
-  ["[1][0]" implementation]])
+  ["[1][0]" implementation]
+  ["[1][0]" reset]])
 
 (def (valid_modifier? it)
   (-> (Modifier Method)
@@ -38,4 +39,5 @@
                   (modifier.has? method.strict /.modifier)))
 
            (/implementation.test valid_modifier?)
+           /reset.test
            )))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..105161cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/compiler/language/lux/phase/translation/jvm/function/method/reset.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+... This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0.
+... If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+(.require
+ [library
+  [lux (.except)
+   ["[0]" ffi]
+   [abstract
+    [monad (.only do)]]
+   [control
+    ["[0]" io]
+    ["[0]" try (.use "[1]#[0]" functor)]]
+   [math
+    ["[0]" random (.only Random)]
+    [number
+     ["[0]" i64 (.use "[1]#[0]" equivalence)]
+     ["n" nat]]]
+   [meta
+    [compiler
+     [target
+      [jvm
+       ["[0]" modifier (.only Modifier)]
+       ["[0]" method (.only Method)]
+       ["[0]" type]
+       ["!" bytecode]]]
+     [meta
+      ["[0]" archive]]]]
+   [test
+    ["_" property (.only Test)]]]]
+ [\\library
+  ["[0]" / (.only)
+   [///
+    [field
+     [constant
+      ["[0]" arity]]]
+    ["[0]" // (.only)
+     ["[0]" host]
+     ["[0]" runtime]
+     [///
+      ["[0]" extension]
+      [//
+       ["[0]" phase]
+       ["[0]" synthesis]
+       ["[0]" translation]]]]]]]
+ [////
+  ["[0]T" complex]])
+
+(ffi.import (java/lang/Class of)
+  "[1]::[0]"
+  (getCanonicalName [] java/lang/String))
+
+(ffi.import java/lang/Object
+  "[1]::[0]"
+  (getClass [] (java/lang/Class java/lang/Object)))
+
+(def .public test
+  Test
+  (<| (_.covering /._)
+      (do [! random.monad]
+        [module (random.lower_cased 1)
+
+         dummy_i64 random.i64
+         expected_i64 (random.only (|>> (i64#= dummy_i64) not)
+                                   random.i64)
+
+         .let [extender (is extension.Extender
+                            (function (_ _)
+                              (undefined)))
+               next (//.translate extender complexT.lux)
+               @ [module 0 0]]
+
+         arity (of ! each (|>> (n.% (-- arity.maximum)) (n.+ 2)) random.nat)
+         inner_arity (of ! each (|>> (n.% arity) (n.+ 1)) random.nat)])
+      (all _.and
+           (_.coverage [/.name /.type /.method /.call]
+             (|> (do try.monad
+                   [[_ archive] (archive.reserve "" archive.empty)
+                    [_ archive] (archive.reserve module archive)
+                    .let [[_ host] (io.run! host.host)
+                          state (is runtime.State
+                                    (translation.state host module))]]
+                   (<| (phase.result state)
+                       (do phase.monad
+                         [_ (translation.set_buffer translation.empty_buffer)
+                          parameter (next archive (synthesis.i64 @ expected_i64))
+                          partially_applied_function (next archive (<| (synthesis.function/apply @)
+                                                                       [(synthesis.function/abstraction @ [(list) 2 (synthesis.variable/local @ 1)])
+                                                                        (list (synthesis.i64 @ dummy_i64))]))
+                          it (|> partially_applied_function
+                                 [{.#None}]
+                                 (of host evaluate)
+                                 phase.of_try)
+                          .let [class (type.class (|> it
+                                                      (as java/lang/Object)
+                                                      java/lang/Object::getClass
+                                                      java/lang/Class::getCanonicalName
+                                                      ffi.of_string)
+                                        (list))]
+                          .let [what_happens_when_its_not_reset!
+                                (|> partially_applied_function
+                                    [{.#None}]
+                                    (of host evaluate)
+                                    (try#each (function (_ it)
+                                                (i64#= dummy_i64
+                                                       ((as (-> I64 I64)
+                                                            it)
+                                                        expected_i64))))
+                                    (try.else false)
+                                    )
+
+                                can_reset!
+                                (|> (do !.monad
+                                      [_ partially_applied_function]
+                                      (/.call class 2))
+                                    [{.#None}]
+                                    (of host evaluate)
+                                    (try#each (function (_ it)
+                                                (i64#= expected_i64
+                                                       ((as (-> I64 I64 I64)
+                                                            it)
+                                                        expected_i64
+                                                        expected_i64))))
+                                    (try.else false)
+                                    )]]
+                         (in (and what_happens_when_its_not_reset!
+                                  can_reset!)))))
+                 (try.else false)))
+           )))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/symbol.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/symbol.lux
index f7c2d7db4..b6aca8568 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/symbol.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/symbol.lux
@@ -29,10 +29,26 @@
   ["[0]" /]])
 
 (def .public (random module_size short_size)
-  (-> Nat Nat (Random Symbol))
+  (-> Nat Nat
+      (Random Symbol))
   (random.and (random.alphabetic module_size)
               (random.alphabetic short_size)))
 
+(def .public (relative module short_size)
+  (-> Text Nat
+      (Random Symbol))
+  (do [! random.monad]
+    [relative? random.bit
+     short (random.alphabetic short_size)]
+    (if relative?
+      (do !
+        [in_prelude? random.bit]
+        (in [(if in_prelude?
+               .prelude
+               "")
+             short]))
+      (in [module short]))))
+
 (def .public test
   Test
   (<| (_.covering /._)
@@ -56,11 +72,9 @@
                     (_.for [/.order]
                            (orderT.spec /.order (..random sizeM1 sizeS1)))
                     (_.for [/.absolute]
-                           (_.and (codecT.spec /.equivalence /.absolute (..random sizeM1 sizeS1))
-                                  (_.test "Encoding a symbol without a module component results in text equal to the short of the symbol."
-                                    (if (text.empty? module1)
-                                      (same? short1 (of /.absolute encoded symbol1))
-                                      true))))
+                           (codecT.spec /.equivalence /.absolute (..relative module1 sizeS1)))
+                    (_.for [/.relative]
+                           (codecT.spec /.equivalence (/.relative module1) (..relative module1 sizeS1)))
 
                     (_.coverage [/.separator]
                       (let [it (of /.absolute encoded symbol1)]
@@ -73,7 +87,7 @@
                     (_.for [.symbol]
                            (let [(open "/#[0]") /.equivalence]
                              (all _.and
-                                  (_.test "Can obtain Symbol from a symbol."
+                                  (_.test "Can obtain a Symbol from a symbol."
                                     (and (/#= [.prelude "yolo"] (.symbol .yolo))
                                          (/#= ["test/lux/meta/symbol" "yolo"] (.symbol ..yolo))
                                          (/#= ["" "yolo"] (.symbol yolo))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/type/unit.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
index 0b166b9c6..8db2a66c4 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/meta/type/unit.lux
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@
     Test
     (do random.monad
       [expected random.int]
-      (_.for [/.Unit]
+      (_.for [/.Unit
+              /.in /.out /.format]
              (`` (all _.and
                       (,, (with_template [<type> <unit>]
                             [(_.coverage [<type> <unit>]