Re-named old luxc-jvm to lux-bootstrapper.

1 files changed, 1150 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lux-bootstrapper/src/lux/optimizer.clj b/lux-bootstrapper/src/lux/optimizer.clj
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e235e084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lux-bootstrapper/src/lux/optimizer.clj
@@ -0,0 +1,1150 @@
+(ns lux.optimizer
+  (:require (lux [base :as & :refer [|let |do return return* |case defvariant]])
+            (lux.analyser [base :as &a]
+                          [case :as &a-case])))
+
+;; [Tags]
+(defvariant
+  ;; These tags just have a one-to-one correspondence with Analysis data-structures.
+  ("bit" 1)
+  ("nat" 1)
+  ("int" 1)
+  ("rev" 1)
+  ("frac" 1)
+  ("text" 1)
+  ("variant" 3)
+  ("tuple" 1)
+  ("apply" 2)
+  ("case" 2)
+  ("function" 5)
+  ("ann" 2)
+  ("def" 1)
+  ("var" 1)
+  ("captured" 3)
+  ("proc" 3)
+
+  ;; These other tags represent higher-order constructs that manifest
+  ;; themselves as patterns in the code.
+  ;; Lux does not formally provide these features, but some macros
+  ;; expose ways to implement them in terms of the other (primitive)
+  ;; features.
+  ;; The optimizer looks for those usage patterns and transforms them
+  ;; into explicit constructs, which are then subject to specialized optimizations.
+
+  ;; Loop scope, for doing loop inlining
+  ("loop" 3) ;; {register-offset Int, inits (List Optimized), body Optimized}
+  ;; This is loop iteration, as expected in imperative programming.
+  ("iter" 2) ;; {register-offset Int, vals (List Optimized)}
+  ;; This is a simple let-expression, as opposed to the more general pattern-matching.
+  ("let" 3)
+  ;; This is an access to a record's member. It can be multi-level:
+  ;; e.g. record.l1.l2.l3
+  ;; The record-get token stores the path, for simpler compilation.
+  ("record-get" 2)
+  ;; Regular, run-of-the-mill if expressions.
+  ("if" 3)
+  )
+
+;; [Utils]
+
+;; [[Pattern-Matching Traversal Optimization]]
+
+;; This represents an alternative way to view pattern-matching.
+;; The PM that Lux provides has declarative semantics, with the user
+;; specifying how his data is shaped, but not how to traverse it.
+;; The optimizer's PM is operational in nature, and relies on
+;; specifying a path of traversal, with a variety of operations that
+;; can be done along the way.
+;; The algorithm relies on looking at pattern-matching as traversing a
+;; (possibly) branching path, where each step along the path
+;; corresponds to a value, the ends of the path are the jumping-off
+;; points for the bodies of branches, and branching decisions can be
+;; backtracked, if they do not result in a valid jump.
+(defvariant
+  ;; Throw away the current data-node (CDN). It's useless.
+  ("PopPM" 0)
+  ;; Store the CDN in a register.
+  ("BindPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a bit value.
+  ("BitPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a natural value.
+  ("NatPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with an integer value.
+  ("IntPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a revolution value.
+  ("RevPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a frac value.
+  ("FracPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a text value.
+  ("TextPM" 1)
+  ;; Compare the CDN with a variant value. If valid, proceed to test
+  ;; the variant's inner value.
+  ("VariantPM" 1)
+  ;; Access a tuple value at a given index, for further examination.
+  ("TuplePM" 1)
+  ;; Creates an instance of the backtracking info, as a preparatory
+  ;; step to exploring one of the branching paths.
+  ("AltPM" 2)
+  ;; Allows to test the CDN, while keeping a copy of it for more
+  ;; tasting later on.
+  ;; If necessary when doing multiple tests on a single value, like
+  ;; when testing multiple parts of a tuple.
+  ("SeqPM" 2)
+  ;; This is the jumping-off point for the PM part, where the PM
+  ;; data-structure is thrown away and the program jumps to the
+  ;; branch's body.
+  ("ExecPM" 1))
+
+(defn de-meta
+  "(-> Optimized Optimized)"
+  [optim]
+  (|let [[meta optim-] optim]
+    (|case optim-
+      ($variant idx is-last? value)
+      ($variant idx is-last? (de-meta value))
+      
+      ($tuple elems)
+      ($tuple (&/|map de-meta elems))
+      
+      ($case value [_pm _bodies])
+      ($case (de-meta value)
+             (&/T [_pm (&/|map de-meta _bodies)]))
+      
+      ($function _register-offset arity scope captured body*)
+      ($function _register-offset
+                 arity
+                 scope
+                 (&/|map (fn [capture]
+                           (|let [[_name [_meta ($captured _scope _idx _source)]] capture]
+                             (&/T [_name ($captured _scope _idx (de-meta _source))])))
+                         captured)
+                 (de-meta body*))
+
+      ($ann value-expr type-expr)
+      (de-meta value-expr)
+      
+      ($apply func args)
+      ($apply (de-meta func)
+              (&/|map de-meta args))
+      
+      ($captured scope idx source)
+      ($captured scope idx (de-meta source))
+      
+      ($proc proc-ident args special-args)
+      ($proc proc-ident (&/|map de-meta args) special-args)
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      ($loop _register-offset
+             (&/|map de-meta _inits)
+             (de-meta _body))
+      
+      ($iter _iter-register-offset args)
+      ($iter _iter-register-offset
+             (&/|map de-meta args))
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      ($let (de-meta _value)
+            _register
+            (de-meta _body))
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      ($record-get (de-meta _value)
+                   _path)
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      ($if (de-meta _test)
+           (de-meta _then)
+           (de-meta _else))
+      
+      _
+      optim-
+      )))
+
+;; This function does a simple transformation from the declarative
+;; model of PM of the analyser, to the operational model of PM of the
+;; optimizer.
+;; You may notice that all branches end in PopPM.
+;; The reason is that testing does not immediately imply throwing away
+;; the data to be tested, which is why a popping step must immediately follow.
+(defn ^:private transform-pm* [test]
+  (|case test
+    (&a-case/$NoTestAC)
+    (&/|list $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$StoreTestAC _register)
+    (&/|list ($BindPM _register))
+
+    (&a-case/$BitTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($BitPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$NatTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($NatPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$IntTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($IntPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$RevTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($RevPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$FracTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($FracPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$TextTestAC _value)
+    (&/|list ($TextPM _value)
+             $PopPM)
+
+    (&a-case/$VariantTestAC _idx _num-options _sub-test)
+    (&/|++ (&/|list ($VariantPM (if (= _idx (dec _num-options))
+                                  (&/$Right _idx)
+                                  (&/$Left _idx))))
+           (&/|++ (transform-pm* _sub-test)
+                  (&/|list $PopPM)))
+
+    (&a-case/$TupleTestAC _sub-tests)
+    (|case _sub-tests
+      ;; An empty tuple corresponds to unit, which cannot be tested in
+      ;; any meaningful way, so it's just popped.
+      (&/$Nil)
+      (&/|list $PopPM)
+
+      ;; A tuple of a single element is equivalent to the element
+      ;; itself, to the element's PM is generated.
+      (&/$Cons _only-test (&/$Nil))
+      (transform-pm* _only-test)
+
+      ;; Single tuple PM features the tests of each tuple member
+      ;; inlined, it's operational equivalent is interleaving the
+      ;; access to each tuple member, followed by the testing of said
+      ;; member.
+      ;; That is way each sequence of access+subtesting gets generated
+      ;; and later they all get concatenated.
+      _
+      (|let [tuple-size (&/|length _sub-tests)]
+        (&/|++ (&/flat-map (fn [idx+test*]
+                             (|let [[idx test*] idx+test*]
+                               (&/$Cons ($TuplePM (if (< idx (dec tuple-size))
+                                                    (&/$Left idx)
+                                                    (&/$Right idx)))
+                                        (transform-pm* test*))))
+                           (&/zip2 (&/|range tuple-size)
+                                   _sub-tests))
+               (&/|list $PopPM))))))
+
+;; It will be common for pattern-matching on a very nested
+;; data-structure to require popping all the intermediate
+;; data-structures that were visited once it's all done.
+;; However, the PM infrastructure employs a single data-stack to keep
+;; all data nodes in the trajectory, and that data-stack can just be
+;; thrown again entirely, in just one step.
+;; Because of that, any ending POPs prior to throwing away the
+;; data-stack would be completely useless.
+;; This function cleans them all up, to avoid wasteful computation later.
+(defn ^:private clean-unnecessary-pops [steps]
+  (|case steps
+    (&/$Cons ($PopPM) _steps)
+    (clean-unnecessary-pops _steps)
+
+    _
+    steps))
+
+;; This transforms a single branch of a PM tree into it's operational
+;; equivalent, while also associating the PM of the branch with the
+;; jump to the branch's body.
+(defn ^:private transform-pm [test body-id]
+  (&/fold (fn [right left] ($SeqPM left right))
+          ($ExecPM body-id)
+          (clean-unnecessary-pops (&/|reverse (transform-pm* test)))))
+
+;; This function fuses together the paths of the PM traversal, adding
+;; branching AltPMs where necessary, and fusing similar paths together
+;; as much as possible, when early parts of them coincide.
+;; The goal is to minimize rework as much as possible by sharing as
+;; much of each path as possible.
+(defn ^:private fuse-pms [pre post]
+  (|case (&/T [pre post])
+    [($PopPM) ($PopPM)]
+    $PopPM
+
+    [($BindPM _pre-var-id) ($BindPM _post-var-id)]
+    (if (= _pre-var-id _post-var-id)
+      ($BindPM _pre-var-id)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($BitPM _pre-value) ($BitPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($BitPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($NatPM _pre-value) ($NatPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($NatPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($IntPM _pre-value) ($IntPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($IntPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($RevPM _pre-value) ($RevPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($RevPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($FracPM _pre-value) ($FracPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($FracPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($TextPM _pre-value) ($TextPM _post-value)]
+    (if (= _pre-value _post-value)
+      ($TextPM _pre-value)
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($TuplePM (&/$Left _pre-idx)) ($TuplePM (&/$Left _post-idx))]
+    (if (= _pre-idx _post-idx)
+      ($TuplePM (&/$Left _pre-idx))
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($TuplePM (&/$Right _pre-idx)) ($TuplePM (&/$Right _post-idx))]
+    (if (= _pre-idx _post-idx)
+      ($TuplePM (&/$Right _pre-idx))
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($VariantPM (&/$Left _pre-idx)) ($VariantPM (&/$Left _post-idx))]
+    (if (= _pre-idx _post-idx)
+      ($VariantPM (&/$Left _pre-idx))
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($VariantPM (&/$Right _pre-idx)) ($VariantPM (&/$Right _post-idx))]
+    (if (= _pre-idx _post-idx)
+      ($VariantPM (&/$Right _pre-idx))
+      ($AltPM pre post))
+
+    [($SeqPM _pre-pre _pre-post) ($SeqPM _post-pre _post-post)]
+    (|case (fuse-pms _pre-pre _post-pre)
+      ($AltPM _ _)
+      ($AltPM pre post)
+
+      fused-pre
+      ($SeqPM fused-pre (fuse-pms _pre-post _post-post)))
+
+    _
+    ($AltPM pre post)
+    ))
+
+(defn ^:private pattern-vars [pattern]
+  (|case pattern
+    ($BindPM _id)
+    (&/|list (&/T [_id false]))
+
+    ($SeqPM _left _right)
+    (&/|++ (pattern-vars _left) (pattern-vars _right))
+    
+    _
+    (&/|list)
+
+    ;; $AltPM is not considered because it's not supposed to be
+    ;; present anywhere at this point in time.
+    ))
+
+(defn ^:private find-unused-vars [var-table body]
+  (|let [[meta body-] body]
+    (|case body-
+      ($var (&/$Local _idx))
+      (&/|update _idx (fn [_] true) var-table)
+
+      ($captured _scope _c-idx [_ ($var (&/$Local _idx))])
+      (&/|update _idx (fn [_] true) var-table)
+      
+      ($variant _idx _is-last? _value)
+      (find-unused-vars var-table _value)
+      
+      ($tuple _elems)
+      (&/fold find-unused-vars var-table _elems)
+
+      ($ann _value-expr _type-expr)
+      (find-unused-vars var-table _value-expr)
+      
+      ($apply _func _args)
+      (&/fold find-unused-vars
+              (find-unused-vars var-table _func)
+              _args)
+
+      ($proc _proc-ident _args _special-args)
+      (&/fold find-unused-vars var-table _args)
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      (&/|++ (&/fold find-unused-vars var-table _inits)
+             (find-unused-vars var-table _body))
+      
+      ($iter _ _args)
+      (&/fold find-unused-vars var-table _args)
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (-> var-table
+          (find-unused-vars _value)
+          (find-unused-vars _body))
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      (find-unused-vars var-table _value)
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (-> var-table
+          (find-unused-vars _test)
+          (find-unused-vars _then)
+          (find-unused-vars _else))
+      
+      ($case _value [_pm _bodies])
+      (&/fold find-unused-vars
+              (find-unused-vars var-table _value)
+              _bodies)
+
+      ($function _ _ _ _captured _)
+      (->> _captured
+           (&/|map &/|second)
+           (&/fold find-unused-vars var-table))
+
+      _
+      var-table
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private clean-unused-pattern-registers [var-table pattern]
+  (|case pattern
+    ($BindPM _idx)
+    (|let [_new-idx (&/|get _idx var-table)]
+      (cond (= _idx _new-idx)
+            pattern
+
+            (>= _new-idx 0)
+            ($BindPM _new-idx)
+
+            :else
+            $PopPM))
+
+    ($SeqPM _left _right)
+    ($SeqPM (clean-unused-pattern-registers var-table _left)
+            (clean-unused-pattern-registers var-table _right))
+    
+    _
+    pattern
+
+    ;; $AltPM is not considered because it's not supposed to be
+    ;; present anywhere at this point in time.
+    ))
+
+;; This function assumes that the var-table has an ascending index
+;; order.
+;; For example: (2 3 4 5 6 7 8), instead of (8 7 6 5 4 3 2)
+(defn ^:private adjust-register-indexes* [offset var-table]
+  (|case var-table
+    (&/$Nil)
+    (&/|list)
+
+    (&/$Cons [_idx _used?] _tail)
+    (if _used?
+      (&/$Cons (&/T [_idx (- _idx offset)])
+               (adjust-register-indexes* offset _tail))
+      (&/$Cons (&/T [_idx -1])
+               (adjust-register-indexes* (inc offset) _tail))
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private adjust-register-indexes [var-table]
+  (adjust-register-indexes* 0 var-table))
+
+(defn ^:private clean-unused-body-registers [var-table body]
+  (|let [[meta body-] body]
+    (|case body-
+      ($var (&/$Local _idx))
+      (|let [new-idx (or (&/|get _idx var-table)
+                         _idx)]
+        (&/T [meta ($var (&/$Local new-idx))]))
+      
+      ($captured _scope _c-idx [_sub-meta ($var (&/$Local _idx))])
+      (|let [new-idx (or (&/|get _idx var-table)
+                         _idx)]
+        (&/T [meta ($captured _scope _c-idx (&/T [_sub-meta ($var (&/$Local new-idx))]))]))
+      
+      ($variant _idx _is-last? _value)
+      (&/T [meta ($variant _idx _is-last? (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _value))])
+      
+      ($tuple _elems)
+      (&/T [meta ($tuple (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                 _elems))])
+
+      ($ann _value-expr _type-expr)
+      (&/T [meta ($ann (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _value-expr) _type-expr)])
+      
+      ($apply _func _args)
+      (&/T [meta ($apply (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _func)
+                         (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                 _args))])
+
+      ($proc _proc-ident _args _special-args)
+      (&/T [meta ($proc _proc-ident
+                        (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                _args)
+                        _special-args)])
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($loop _register-offset
+                        (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                _inits)
+                        (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _body))])
+      
+      ($iter _iter-register-offset _args)
+      (&/T [meta ($iter _iter-register-offset
+                        (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                _args))])
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($let (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _value)
+                       _register
+                       (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _body))])
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      (&/T [meta ($record-get (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _value)
+                              _path)])
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (&/T [meta ($if (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _test)
+                      (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _then)
+                      (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _else))])
+      
+      ($case _value [_pm _bodies])
+      (&/T [meta ($case (clean-unused-body-registers var-table _value)
+                        (&/T [_pm
+                              (&/|map (partial clean-unused-body-registers var-table)
+                                      _bodies)]))])
+
+      ($function _register-offset _arity _scope _captured _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($function _register-offset
+                            _arity
+                            _scope
+                            (&/|map (fn [capture]
+                                      (|let [[_name __var] capture]
+                                        (&/T [_name (clean-unused-body-registers var-table __var)])))
+                                    _captured)
+                            _body)])
+
+      _
+      body
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private simplify-pattern [pattern]
+  (|case pattern
+    ($SeqPM ($TuplePM _idx) ($SeqPM ($PopPM) pattern*))
+    (simplify-pattern pattern*)
+
+    ($SeqPM ($TuplePM _idx) _right)
+    (|case (simplify-pattern _right)
+      ($SeqPM ($PopPM) pattern*)
+      pattern*
+
+      _right*
+      ($SeqPM ($TuplePM _idx) _right*))
+
+    ($SeqPM _left _right)
+    ($SeqPM _left (simplify-pattern _right))
+
+    _
+    pattern))
+
+(defn ^:private optimize-register-use [pattern body]
+  (|let [p-vars (pattern-vars pattern)
+         p-vars* (find-unused-vars p-vars body)
+         adjusted-vars (adjust-register-indexes p-vars*)
+         clean-pattern (clean-unused-pattern-registers adjusted-vars pattern)
+         simple-pattern (simplify-pattern clean-pattern)
+         clean-body (clean-unused-body-registers adjusted-vars body)]
+    (&/T [simple-pattern clean-body])))
+
+;; This is the top-level function for optimizing PM, which transforms
+;; each branch and then fuses them together.
+(defn ^:private optimize-pm [branches]
+  (|let [;; branches (&/|reverse branches*)
+         pms+bodies (&/map2 (fn [branch _body-id]
+                              (|let [[_pattern _body] branch]
+                                (optimize-register-use (transform-pm _pattern _body-id)
+                                                       _body)))
+                            branches
+                            (&/|range (&/|length branches)))
+         pms (&/|map &/|first pms+bodies)
+         bodies (&/|map &/|second pms+bodies)]
+    (|case (&/|reverse pms)
+      (&/$Nil)
+      (assert false)
+
+      (&/$Cons _head-pm _tail-pms)
+      (&/T [(&/fold fuse-pms _head-pm _tail-pms)
+            bodies])
+      )))
+
+;; [[Function-Folding Optimization]]
+
+;; The semantics of Lux establish that all functions are of a single
+;; argument and the multi-argument functions are actually nested
+;; functions being generated and then applied.
+;; This, of course, would generate a lot of waste.
+;; To avoid it, Lux actually folds function definitions together,
+;; thereby creating functions that can be used both
+;; one-argument-at-a-time, and also being called with all, or just a
+;; partial amount of their arguments.
+;; This avoids generating too many artifacts during compilation, since
+;; they get "compressed", and it can also lead to faster execution, by
+;; enabling optimized function calls later.
+
+;; Functions and captured variables have "scopes", which tell which
+;; function they are, or to which function they belong.
+;; During the folding, inner functions dissapear, since their bodies
+;; are merged into their outer "parent" functions.
+;; Their scopes must change accordingy.
+(defn ^:private de-scope
+  "(-> Scope Scope Scope Scope)"
+  [old-scope new-scope scope]
+  (if (identical? new-scope scope)
+    old-scope
+    scope))
+
+;; Also, it must be noted that when folding functions, the indexes of
+;; the registers have to be changed accodingly.
+;; That is what the following "shifting" functions are for.
+
+;; Shifts the registers for PM operations.
+(defn ^:private shift-pattern [pattern]
+  (|case pattern
+    ($BindPM _var-id)
+    ($BindPM (inc _var-id))
+
+    ($SeqPM _left-pm _right-pm)
+    ($SeqPM (shift-pattern _left-pm) (shift-pattern _right-pm))
+
+    ($AltPM _left-pm _right-pm)
+    ($AltPM (shift-pattern _left-pm) (shift-pattern _right-pm))
+
+    _
+    pattern
+    ))
+
+;; Shifts the body of a function after a folding is performed.
+(defn shift-function-body
+  "(-> Scope Scope Bit Optimized Optimized)"
+  [old-scope new-scope own-body? body]
+  (|let [[meta body-] body]
+    (|case body-
+      ($variant idx is-last? value)
+      (&/T [meta ($variant idx is-last? (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? value))])
+      
+      ($tuple elems)
+      (&/T [meta ($tuple (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) elems))])
+      
+      ($case value [_pm _bodies])
+      (&/T [meta ($case (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? value)
+                        (&/T [(if own-body?
+                                (shift-pattern _pm)
+                                _pm)
+                              (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) _bodies)]))])
+      
+      ($function _register-offset arity scope captured body*)
+      (|let [scope* (de-scope old-scope new-scope scope)]
+        (&/T [meta ($function _register-offset
+                              arity
+                              scope*
+                              (&/|map (fn [capture]
+                                        (|let [[_name [_meta ($captured _scope _idx _source)]] capture]
+                                          (&/T [_name (&/T [_meta ($captured scope* _idx (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _source))])])))
+                                      captured)
+                              (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope false body*))]))
+
+      ($ann value-expr type-expr)
+      (&/T [meta ($ann (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? value-expr)
+                       type-expr)])
+      
+      ($var var-kind)
+      (if own-body?
+        (|case var-kind
+          (&/$Local 0)
+          (&/T [meta ($apply body
+                             (&/|list (&/T [meta ($var (&/$Local 1))])))])
+          
+          (&/$Local idx)
+          (&/T [meta ($var (&/$Local (inc idx)))]))
+        body)
+
+      ;; This special "apply" rule is for handling recursive calls better.
+      ($apply [meta-0 ($var (&/$Local 0))] args)
+      (if own-body?
+        (&/T [meta ($apply (&/T [meta-0 ($var (&/$Local 0))])
+                           (&/$Cons (&/T [meta-0 ($var (&/$Local 1))])
+                                    (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) args)))])
+        (&/T [meta ($apply (&/T [meta-0 ($var (&/$Local 0))])
+                           (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) args))]))
+
+      ($apply func args)
+      (&/T [meta ($apply (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? func)
+                         (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) args))])
+      
+      ($captured scope idx source)
+      (if own-body?
+        source
+        (|case scope
+          (&/$Cons _ (&/$Cons _ (&/$Nil)))
+          source
+
+          _
+          (&/T [meta ($captured (de-scope old-scope new-scope scope) idx (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? source))])))
+      
+      ($proc proc-ident args special-args)
+      (&/T [meta ($proc proc-ident (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) args) special-args)])
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($loop (if own-body?
+                          (inc _register-offset)
+                          _register-offset)
+                        (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?)
+                                _inits)
+                        (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _body))])
+      
+      ($iter _iter-register-offset args)
+      (&/T [meta ($iter (if own-body?
+                          (inc _iter-register-offset)
+                          _iter-register-offset)
+                        (&/|map (partial shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body?) args))])
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($let (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _value)
+                       (if own-body?
+                         (inc _register)
+                         _register)
+                       (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _body))])
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      (&/T [meta ($record-get (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _value)
+                              _path)])
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (&/T [meta ($if (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _test)
+                      (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _then)
+                      (shift-function-body old-scope new-scope own-body? _else))])
+      
+      _
+      body
+      )))
+
+;; [[Record-Manipulation Optimizations]]
+
+;; If a pattern-matching tree with a single branch is found, and that
+;; branch corresponds to a tuple PM, and the body corresponds to a
+;; local variable, it's likely that the local refers to some member of
+;; the tuple that is being extracted.
+;; That is the pattern that is to be expected of record read-access,
+;; so this function tries to extract the (possibly nested) path
+;; necessary, ending in the data-node of the wanted member.
+(defn ^:private record-read-path
+  "(-> (List PM) Idx (List Idx))"
+  [pms member-idx]
+  (loop [current-idx 0
+         pms pms]
+    (|case pms
+      (&/$Nil)
+      &/$None
+      
+      (&/$Cons _pm _pms)
+      (|case _pm
+        (&a-case/$NoTestAC)
+        (recur (inc current-idx)
+               _pms)
+        
+        (&a-case/$StoreTestAC _register)
+        (if (= member-idx _register)
+          (&/|list (&/T [current-idx (&/|empty? _pms)]))
+          (recur (inc current-idx)
+                 _pms))
+
+        (&a-case/$TupleTestAC _sub-tests)
+        (let [sub-path (record-read-path _sub-tests member-idx)]
+          (if (not (&/|empty? sub-path))
+            (&/$Cons (&/T [current-idx (&/|empty? _pms)]) sub-path)
+            (recur (inc current-idx)
+                   _pms)
+            ))
+        
+        _
+        (&/|list))
+      )))
+
+;; [[Loop Optimizations]]
+
+;; Lux does not offer any looping constructs, relying instead on
+;; recursion.
+;; Some common usages of recursion can be written more efficiently
+;; just using regular loops/iteration.
+;; This optimization looks for tail-calls in the function body,
+;; rewriting them as jumps to the beginning of the function, while
+;; they also updated the necessary local variables for the next iteration.
+(defn ^:private optimize-iter
+  "(-> Int Optimized Optimized)"
+  [arity optim]
+  (|let [[meta optim-] optim]
+    (|case optim-
+      ($apply [meta-0 ($var (&/$Local 0))] _args)
+      (if (= arity (&/|length _args))
+        (&/T [meta ($iter 1 _args)])
+        optim)
+
+      ($case _value [_pattern _bodies])
+      (&/T [meta ($case _value
+                        (&/T [_pattern
+                              (&/|map (partial optimize-iter arity)
+                                      _bodies)]))])
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($let _value _register (optimize-iter arity _body))])
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (&/T [meta ($if _test
+                      (optimize-iter arity _then)
+                      (optimize-iter arity _else))])
+      
+      ($ann _value-expr _type-expr)
+      (&/T [meta ($ann (optimize-iter arity _value-expr) _type-expr)])
+
+      _
+      optim
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private contains-self-reference?
+  "(-> Optimized Bit)"
+  [body]
+  (|let [[meta body-] body
+         stepwise-test (fn [base arg] (or base (contains-self-reference? arg)))]
+    (|case body-
+      ($variant idx is-last? value)
+      (contains-self-reference? value)
+      
+      ($tuple elems)
+      (&/fold stepwise-test false elems)
+      
+      ($case value [_pm _bodies])
+      (or (contains-self-reference? value)
+          (&/fold stepwise-test false _bodies))
+
+      ($function _ _ _ captured _)
+      (->> captured
+           (&/|map (fn [capture]
+                     (|let [[_name [_meta ($captured _scope _idx _source)]] capture]
+                       _source)))
+           (&/fold stepwise-test false))
+
+      ($ann value-expr type-expr)
+      (contains-self-reference? value-expr)
+      
+      ($var (&/$Local 0))
+      true
+
+      ($apply func args)
+      (or (contains-self-reference? func)
+          (&/fold stepwise-test false args))
+      
+      ($proc proc-ident args special-args)
+      (&/fold stepwise-test false args)
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      (or (&/fold stepwise-test false _inits)
+          (contains-self-reference? _body))
+      
+      ($iter _ args)
+      (&/fold stepwise-test false args)
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (or (contains-self-reference? _value)
+          (contains-self-reference? _body))
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      (contains-self-reference? _value)
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (or (contains-self-reference? _test)
+          (contains-self-reference? _then)
+          (contains-self-reference? _else))
+      
+      _
+      false
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private pm-loop-transform [register-offset direct? pattern]
+  (|case pattern
+    ($BindPM _var-id)
+    ($BindPM (+ register-offset (if direct?
+                                  (- _var-id 2)
+                                  (- _var-id 1))))
+
+    ($SeqPM _left-pm _right-pm)
+    ($SeqPM (pm-loop-transform register-offset direct? _left-pm)
+            (pm-loop-transform register-offset direct? _right-pm))
+
+    ($AltPM _left-pm _right-pm)
+    ($AltPM (pm-loop-transform register-offset direct? _left-pm)
+            (pm-loop-transform register-offset direct? _right-pm))
+
+    _
+    pattern
+    ))
+
+;; This function must be run STRICTLY before shift-function body, as
+;; the transformation assumes that SFB will be invoke after it.
+(defn ^:private loop-transform [register-offset direct? body]
+  (|let [adjust-direct (fn [register]
+                         ;; The register must be decreased once, since
+                         ;; it will be re-increased in
+                         ;; shift-function-body.
+                         ;; The decrease is meant to keep things stable.
+                         (if direct?
+                           ;; And, if this adjustment is done
+                           ;; directly during a loop-transform (and
+                           ;; not indirectly if transforming an inner
+                           ;; loop), then it must be decreased again
+                           ;; because the 0/self var will no longer
+                           ;; exist in the loop's context.
+                           (- register 2)
+                           (- register 1)))
+         [meta body-] body]
+    (|case body-
+      ($variant idx is-last? value)
+      (&/T [meta ($variant idx is-last? (loop-transform register-offset direct? value))])
+      
+      ($tuple elems)
+      (&/T [meta ($tuple (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?) elems))])
+      
+      ($case value [_pm _bodies])
+      (&/T [meta ($case (loop-transform register-offset direct? value)
+                        (&/T [(pm-loop-transform register-offset direct? _pm)
+                              (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?)
+                                      _bodies)]))])
+
+      ;; Functions are ignored because they'll be handled properly at shift-function-body
+      
+      ($ann value-expr type-expr)
+      (&/T [meta ($ann (loop-transform register-offset direct? value-expr)
+                       type-expr)])
+      
+      ($var (&/$Local idx))
+      ;; The index must be decreased once, because the var index is
+      ;; 1-based (since 0 is reserved for self-reference).
+      ;; Then it must be decreased again, since it will be increased
+      ;; in the shift-function-body call.
+      ;; Then, I add the offset to ensure the var points to the right register.
+      (&/T [meta ($var (&/$Local (-> (adjust-direct idx)
+                                     (+ register-offset))))])
+
+      ($apply func args)
+      (&/T [meta ($apply (loop-transform register-offset direct? func)
+                         (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?) args))])
+      
+      ;; Captured-vars are ignored because they'll be handled properly at shift-function-body
+      
+      ($proc proc-ident args special-args)
+      (&/T [meta ($proc proc-ident (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?) args) special-args)])
+
+      ($loop _register-offset _inits _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($loop (+ register-offset (adjust-direct _register-offset))
+                        (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?) _inits)
+                        (loop-transform register-offset direct? _body))])
+      
+      ($iter _iter-register-offset args)
+      (&/T [meta ($iter (+ register-offset (adjust-direct _iter-register-offset))
+                        (&/|map (partial loop-transform register-offset direct?) args))])
+
+      ($let _value _register _body)
+      (&/T [meta ($let (loop-transform register-offset direct? _value)
+                       (+ register-offset (adjust-direct _register))
+                       (loop-transform register-offset direct? _body))])
+
+      ($record-get _value _path)
+      (&/T [meta ($record-get (loop-transform register-offset direct? _value)
+                              _path)])
+
+      ($if _test _then _else)
+      (&/T [meta ($if (loop-transform register-offset direct? _test)
+                      (loop-transform register-offset direct? _then)
+                      (loop-transform register-offset direct? _else))])
+      
+      _
+      body
+      )))
+
+(defn ^:private inline-loop [meta register-offset scope captured args body]
+  (->> body
+       (loop-transform register-offset true)
+       (shift-function-body scope (&/|tail scope) true)
+       ($loop register-offset args)
+       (list meta)
+       (&/T)))
+
+;; [[Initial Optimization]]
+
+;; Before any big optimization can be done, the incoming Analysis nodes
+;; must be transformed into Optimized nodes, amenable to further transformations.
+;; This function does the job, while also detecting (and optimizing)
+;; some simple surface patterns it may encounter.
+(let [optimize-closure (fn [optimize closure]
+                         (&/|map (fn [capture]
+                                   (|let [[_name _analysis] capture]
+                                     (&/T [_name (optimize _analysis)])))
+                                 closure))]
+  (defn ^:private pass-0
+    "(-> Bit Analysis Optimized)"
+    [top-level-func? analysis]
+    (|let [[meta analysis-] analysis]
+      (|case analysis-
+        (&a/$bit value)
+        (&/T [meta ($bit value)])
+        
+        (&a/$nat value)
+        (&/T [meta ($nat value)])
+
+        (&a/$int value)
+        (&/T [meta ($int value)])
+
+        (&a/$rev value)
+        (&/T [meta ($rev value)])
+        
+        (&a/$frac value)
+        (&/T [meta ($frac value)])
+        
+        (&a/$text value)
+        (&/T [meta ($text value)])
+        
+        (&a/$variant idx is-last? value)
+        (&/T [meta ($variant idx is-last? (pass-0 top-level-func? value))])
+        
+        (&a/$tuple elems)
+        (&/T [meta ($tuple (&/|map (partial pass-0 top-level-func?) elems))])
+        
+        (&a/$apply func args)
+        (|let [=func (pass-0 top-level-func? func)
+               =args (&/|map (partial pass-0 top-level-func?) args)]
+          (&/T [meta ($apply =func =args)])
+          ;; (|case =func
+          ;;   [_ ($ann [_ ($function _register-offset _arity _scope _captured _body)]
+          ;;            _)]
+          ;;   (if (and (= _arity (&/|length =args))
+          ;;            (not (contains-self-reference? _body)))
+          ;;     (inline-loop meta _register-offset _scope _captured =args _body)
+          ;;     (&/T [meta ($apply =func =args)]))
+            
+          ;;   _
+          ;;   (&/T [meta ($apply =func =args)]))
+          )
+        
+        (&a/$case value branches)
+        (let [normal-case-optim (fn []
+                                  (&/T [meta ($case (pass-0 top-level-func? value)
+                                                    (optimize-pm (&/|map (fn [branch]
+                                                                           (|let [[_pattern _body] branch]
+                                                                             (&/T [_pattern (pass-0 top-level-func? _body)])))
+                                                                         branches)))]))]
+          (|case branches
+            ;; The pattern for a let-expression is a single branch,
+            ;; tying the value to a register.
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$StoreTestAC _register) _body] (&/$Nil))
+            (&/T [meta ($let (pass-0 top-level-func? value) _register (pass-0 top-level-func? _body))])
+
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC true) _then]
+                     (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC false) _else]
+                              (&/$Nil)))
+            (&/T [meta ($if (pass-0 top-level-func? value) (pass-0 top-level-func? _then) (pass-0 top-level-func? _else))])
+
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC true) _then]
+                     (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$NoTestAC false) _else]
+                              (&/$Nil)))
+            (&/T [meta ($if (pass-0 top-level-func? value) (pass-0 top-level-func? _then) (pass-0 top-level-func? _else))])
+
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC false) _else]
+                     (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC true) _then]
+                              (&/$Nil)))
+            (&/T [meta ($if (pass-0 top-level-func? value) (pass-0 top-level-func? _then) (pass-0 top-level-func? _else))])
+
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$BitTestAC false) _else]
+                     (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$NoTestAC) _then]
+                              (&/$Nil)))
+            (&/T [meta ($if (pass-0 top-level-func? value) (pass-0 top-level-func? _then) (pass-0 top-level-func? _else))])
+
+            ;; The pattern for a record-get is a single branch, with a
+            ;; tuple pattern and a body corresponding to a
+            ;; local-variable extracted from the tuple.
+            (&/$Cons [(&a-case/$TupleTestAC _sub-tests) [_ (&a/$var (&/$Local _member-idx))]] (&/$Nil))
+            (|let [_path (record-read-path _sub-tests _member-idx)]
+              (if (&/|empty? _path)
+                ;; If the path is empty, that means it was a
+                ;; false-positive and normal PM optimization should be
+                ;; done instead.
+                (normal-case-optim)
+                ;; Otherwise, we've got ourselves a record-get expression.
+                (&/T [meta ($record-get (pass-0 top-level-func? value) _path)])))
+
+            ;; If no special patterns are found, just do normal PM optimization.
+            _
+            (normal-case-optim)))
+        
+        (&a/$function _register-offset scope captured body)
+        (|let [inner-func? (|case body
+                             [_ (&a/$function _ _ _ _)]
+                             true
+
+                             _
+                             false)]
+          (|case (pass-0 (not inner-func?) body)
+            ;; If the body of a function is another function, that means
+            ;; no work was done in-between and both layers can be folded
+            ;; into one.
+            [_ ($function _ _arity _scope _captured _body)]
+            (|let [new-arity (inc _arity)
+                   collapsed-body (shift-function-body scope _scope true _body)]
+              (&/T [meta ($function _register-offset
+                                    new-arity
+                                    scope
+                                    (optimize-closure (partial pass-0 top-level-func?) captured)
+                                    (if top-level-func?
+                                      (optimize-iter new-arity collapsed-body)
+                                      collapsed-body))]))
+
+            ;; Otherwise, they're nothing to be done and we've got a
+            ;; 1-arity function.
+            =body
+            (&/T [meta ($function _register-offset
+                                  1 scope
+                                  (optimize-closure (partial pass-0 top-level-func?) captured)
+                                  (if top-level-func?
+                                    (optimize-iter 1 =body)
+                                    =body))])))
+
+        (&a/$ann value-expr type-expr)
+        (&/T [meta ($ann (pass-0 top-level-func? value-expr) type-expr)])
+        
+        (&a/$def def-name)
+        (&/T [meta ($def def-name)])
+
+        (&a/$var var-kind)
+        (&/T [meta ($var var-kind)])
+        
+        (&a/$captured scope idx source)
+        (&/T [meta ($captured scope idx (pass-0 top-level-func? source))])
+
+        (&a/$proc proc-ident args special-args)
+        (&/T [meta ($proc proc-ident (&/|map (partial pass-0 top-level-func?) args) special-args)])
+        
+        _
+        (assert false (prn-str 'pass-0 top-level-func? (&/adt->text analysis)))
+        ))))
+
+;; [Exports]
+(defn optimize
+  "(-> Analysis Optimized)"
+  [analysis]
+  (->> analysis
+       (pass-0 true)))