Implemented several different bytecode instructions.

12 files changed, 532 insertions, 64 deletions

diff --git a/documentation/research/math.md b/documentation/research/math.md
index 2db883058..2eec12c31 100644
--- a/documentation/research/math.md
+++ b/documentation/research/math.md
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 
 # Quaternions
 
+1. [How Quaternions Produce 3D Rotation](https://penguinmaths.blogspot.com/2019/06/how-quaternions-produce-3d-rotation.html)
 1. [APPLICATION OF DUAL QUATERNIONS ON SELECTED PROBLEMS](https://otik.uk.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/28563/1/phd_Application%20of%20dual%20quaternions%20on%20selected%20problems.pdf)
 1. https://www.3dgep.com/understanding-quaternions/
 1. https://probablydance.com/2017/08/05/intuitive-quaternions/
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@
 
 # Linear Algebra
 
+1. [Thirty-three Miniatures: Mathematical and Algorithmic Applications of Linear Algebra](https://kam.mff.cuni.cz/~matousek/stml-53-matousek-1.pdf)
 1. [Covectors are Different than Vectors, Usually](http://infohost.nmt.edu/~parendt/Phys509/notes/2diracnot/node4.html)
 1. [Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares](https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/vmls/vmls.pdf)
 1. [Linear Algebra Done Wrong.](http://www.math.brown.edu/~treil/papers/LADW/LADW.html)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/data/format/binary.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/data/format/binary.lux
index 67f36609e..b1f0d56cd 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/data/format/binary.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/data/format/binary.lux
@@ -30,13 +30,16 @@
   (|>> (n/* i64.bits-per-byte) i64.mask))
 
 (type: #export Mutation
+  (-> [Offset Binary] [Offset Binary]))
+
+(type: #export Specification
   [Size (-> [Offset Binary] [Offset Binary])])
 
 (def: #export no-op
-  Mutation
+  Specification
   [0 function.identity])
 
-(structure: #export monoid (Monoid Mutation)
+(structure: #export monoid (Monoid Specification)
   
   (def: identity
     ..no-op)
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@
      (|>> mutL mutR)]))
 
 (type: #export (Writer a)
-  (-> a Mutation))
+  (-> a Specification))
 
 (def: #export (run writer value)
   (All [a] (-> (Writer a) a Binary))
@@ -176,13 +179,13 @@
              value (if (n/= original-count capped-count)
                      value
                      (|> value row.to-list (list.take capped-count) row.from-list))
-             (^open "mutation@.") ..monoid
+             (^open "specification@.") ..monoid
              [size mutation] (|> value
                                  (row@map valueW)
                                  (:: row.fold fold
                                      (function (_ post pre)
-                                       (mutation@compose pre post))
-                                     mutation@identity))]
+                                       (specification@compose pre post))
+                                     specification@identity))]
          [(n/+ <size> size)
           (function (_ [offset binary])
             (error.assume
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/data/number/i64.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/data/number/i64.lux
index 31289c96a..9d431769b 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/data/number/i64.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/data/number/i64.lux
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
   (xor (:coerce I64 -1)))
 
 (def: #export (mask bits)
-  (-> Nat (I64 Any))
-  (|> 1 (..left-shift (n/% ..width bits)) .dec))
+  (-> Nat I64)
+  (|> 1 .i64 (..left-shift (n/% ..width bits)) .dec))
 
 (def: (add-shift shift value)
   (-> Nat Nat Nat)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code.lux
index 88b4eb7c9..68c651ba5 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code.lux
@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@
     [collection
      ["." row (#+ Row) ("#@." functor fold)]]]]
   ["." /// #_
+   [code
+    ["#." resources (#+ Resources)]]
    [encoding
     ["#." unsigned (#+ U2)]]]
   ["." / #_
    ["#." exception (#+ Exception)]])
 
 (type: #export (Code Attribute)
-  {#max-stack U2
-   #max-locals U2
+  {#resources Resources
    #code Binary
    #exception-table (Row Exception)
    #attributes (Row Attribute)})
@@ -29,9 +30,8 @@
   (All [Attribute] (-> (-> Attribute Nat) (Code Attribute) Nat))
   ($_ n/+
       ## u2 max_stack;
-      ///unsigned.u2-bytes
       ## u2 max_locals;
-      ///unsigned.u2-bytes
+      ///resources.length
       ## u4 code_length;
       ///unsigned.u4-bytes
       ## u1 code[code_length];
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@
   (All [attribute]
     (-> (Equivalence attribute) (Equivalence (Code attribute))))
   ($_ equivalence.product
-      ///unsigned.equivalence
-      ///unsigned.equivalence
+      ///resources.equivalence
       binary.equivalence
       (row.equivalence /exception.equivalence)
       (row.equivalence attribute-equivalence)
@@ -67,9 +66,8 @@
   (All [Attribute] (-> (Parser Attribute) (Parser (Code Attribute))))
   ($_ <>.and
       ## u2 max_stack;
-      ///unsigned.u2-parser
       ## u2 max_locals;
-      ///unsigned.u2-parser
+      ///resources.parser
       ## u4 code_length;
       ## u1 code[code_length];
       <2>.binary/32
@@ -85,9 +83,8 @@
   (All [Attribute] (-> (Writer Attribute) (Writer (Code Attribute))))
   ($_ binaryF@compose
       ## u2 max_stack;
-      (///unsigned.u2-writer (get@ #max-stack code))
       ## u2 max_locals;
-      (///unsigned.u2-writer (get@ #max-locals code))
+      (///resources.writer (get@ #resources code))
       ## u4 code_length;
       ## u1 code[code_length];
       (binaryF.binary/32 (get@ #code code))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/exception.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/exception.lux
index 6f6b8a0be..14dd13d6e 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/exception.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/exception.lux
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@
     [format
      [".F" binary (#+ Writer)]]]]
   ["." // #_
-   ["#." label (#+ Label)]
    ["//#" /// #_
     [constant (#+ Class)]
     ["#." index (#+ Index)]
+    [code
+     ["#." label (#+ Label)]]
     [encoding
      ["#." unsigned (#+ U2)]]]])
 
@@ -25,9 +26,9 @@
 (def: #export equivalence
   (Equivalence Exception)
   ($_ equivalence.product
-      //label.equivalence
-      //label.equivalence
-      //label.equivalence
+      ////label.equivalence
+      ////label.equivalence
+      ////label.equivalence
       ////index.equivalence
       ))
 
@@ -48,17 +49,17 @@
 (def: #export parser
   (Parser Exception)
   ($_ <>.and
-      //label.parser
-      //label.parser
-      //label.parser
+      ////label.parser
+      ////label.parser
+      ////label.parser
       ////index.parser
       ))
 
 (def: #export writer
   (Writer Exception)
   ($_ binaryF.and
-      //label.writer
-      //label.writer
-      //label.writer
+      ////label.writer
+      ////label.writer
+      ////label.writer
       ////index.writer
       ))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6217a1c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    [monad (#+ do)]
+    [monoid (#+ Monoid)]]
+   [control
+    ["." exception (#+ exception:)]]
+   [data
+    [number (#+ hex)]
+    ["." error (#+ Error)]
+    ["." binary]
+    [text
+     ["%" format (#+ format)]]
+    [format
+     [".F" binary (#+ Mutation Specification)]]]
+   [macro
+    ["." template]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   ["#." index (#+ Index)]
+   [constant (#+ Class Field)]
+   [encoding
+    ["#." unsigned (#+ U1 U2 U4)]]]
+  ["." / #_
+   ["#." resources (#+ Resources)]
+   ["#" condition (#+ Environment Condition Local) ("#@." monoid)]
+   ["#." label (#+ Label Wide-Label)]])
+
+(type: #export Instruction
+  (-> [Environment Specification] (Error [Environment Specification])))
+
+(def: (instruction condition transform)
+  (-> Condition (-> Specification Specification) Instruction)
+  (function (_ [environment specification])
+    (do error.monad
+      [environment' (condition environment)]
+      (wrap [environment'
+             (transform specification)]))))
+
+(def: (nullary' code)
+  (-> Nat Mutation)
+  (function (_ [offset binary])
+    [(n/+ 1 offset)
+     (error.assume
+      (binary.write/8 offset code binary))]))
+
+(def: (nullary code [size mutation])
+  (-> Nat (-> Specification Specification))
+  [(n/+ 1 size)
+   (|>> mutation ((nullary' code)))])
+
+(def: (unary/1' code input0)
+  (-> Nat U1 Mutation)
+  (function (_ [offset binary])
+    [(n/+ 2 offset)
+     (error.assume
+      (do error.monad
+        [_ (binary.write/8 offset code binary)]
+        (binary.write/8 (n/+ 1 offset) (//unsigned.nat input0) binary)))]))
+
+(def: (unary/1 code input0 [size mutation])
+  (-> Nat U1 (-> Specification Specification))
+  [(n/+ 2 size)
+   (|>> mutation ((unary/1' code input0)))])
+
+(def: (unary/2' code input0)
+  (-> Nat U2 Mutation)
+  (function (_ [offset binary])
+    [(n/+ 3 offset)
+     (error.assume
+      (do error.monad
+        [_ (binary.write/8 offset code binary)]
+        (binary.write/16 (n/+ 1 offset) (//unsigned.nat input0) binary)))]))
+
+(def: (unary/2 code input0 [size mutation])
+  (-> Nat U2 (-> Specification Specification))
+  [(n/+ 3 size)
+   (|>> mutation ((unary/2' code input0)))])
+
+(def: (unary/4' code input0)
+  (-> Nat U4 Mutation)
+  (function (_ [offset binary])
+    [(n/+ 5 offset)
+     (error.assume
+      (do error.monad
+        [_ (binary.write/8 offset code binary)]
+        (binary.write/16 (n/+ 1 offset) (//unsigned.nat input0) binary)))]))
+
+(def: (unary/4 code input0 [size mutation])
+  (-> Nat U4 (-> Specification Specification))
+  [(n/+ 5 size)
+   (|>> mutation ((unary/4' code input0)))])
+
+## https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5
+(with-expansions [<constants> (template [<code> <name> <output-size>]
+                                [[<code> <name> [] [] 0 <output-size> []]]
+
+                                ["01" aconst-null 1]
+
+                                ["02" iconst-m1 1]
+                                ["03" iconst-0 1]
+                                ["04" iconst-1 1]
+                                ["05" iconst-2 1]
+                                ["06" iconst-3 1]
+                                ["07" iconst-4 1]
+                                ["08" iconst-5 1]
+
+                                ["0B" fconst-0 1]
+                                ["0C" fconst-1 1]
+                                ["0D" fconst-2 1]
+                                
+                                ["0E" dconst-0 2]
+                                ["0F" dconst-1 2])
+                  <local-loads> (template [<code> <name> <output-size>]
+                                  [[<code> <name> [[local Local]] [local] 0 <output-size> [[local]]]]
+
+                                  ["17" fload 1]
+                                  ["18" dload 2]
+                                  ["19" aload 1])
+                  <simple-local-loads> (template [<code> <name> <output-size> <local-end>]
+                                         [[<code> <name> [] [] 0 <output-size> [[(//unsigned.u1 <local-end>)]]]]
+
+                                         ["22" fload-0 1 0]
+                                         ["23" fload-1 1 1]
+                                         ["24" fload-2 1 2]
+                                         ["25" fload-3 1 3]
+                                         
+                                         ["26" dload-0 2 1]
+                                         ["27" dload-1 2 2]
+                                         ["28" dload-2 2 3]
+                                         ["29" dload-3 2 4]
+                                         
+                                         ["2A" aload-0 1 0]
+                                         ["2B" aload-1 1 1]
+                                         ["2C" aload-2 1 2]
+                                         ["2D" aload-3 1 3])
+                  <local-stores> (template [<code> <name> <input-size>]
+                                   [[<code> <name> [[local Local]] [local] <input-size> 0 [[local]]]]
+
+                                   ["38" fstore 1]
+                                   ["39" dstore 2]
+                                   ["3A" astore 1])
+                  <simple-local-stores> (template [<code> <name> <input-size> <local-end>]
+                                          [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> 0 [[(//unsigned.u1 <local-end>)]]]]
+
+                                          ["43" fstore-0 1 0]
+                                          ["44" fstore-1 1 1]
+                                          ["45" fstore-2 1 2]
+                                          ["46" fstore-3 1 3]
+
+                                          ["47" dstore-0 2 1]
+                                          ["48" dstore-1 2 2]
+                                          ["49" dstore-2 2 3]
+                                          ["4A" dstore-3 2 4]
+                                          
+                                          ["4B" astore-0 1 0]
+                                          ["4C" astore-1 1 1]
+                                          ["4D" astore-2 1 2]
+                                          ["4E" astore-3 1 3])
+                  <array-loads> (template [<code> <name> <output-size>]
+                                  [[<code> <name> [] [] 2 <output-size> []]]
+
+                                  ["2e" iaload 1]
+                                  ["30" faload 1]
+                                  ["31" daload 2]
+                                  ["32" aaload 1]
+                                  ["33" baload 1]
+                                  ["34" caload 1])
+                  <array-stores> (template [<code> <name> <input-size>]
+                                   [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> 0 []]]
+
+                                   ["4f" iastore 3]
+                                   ["51" fastore 3]
+                                   ["52" dastore 4]
+                                   ["53" aastore 3]
+                                   ["54" bastore 3]
+                                   ["55" castore 3])
+                  <arithmetic> (template [<code> <name> <input-size> <output-size>]
+                                 [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> <output-size> []]]
+
+                                 ["60" iadd 2 1]
+                                 ["6c" idiv 2 1]
+                                 ["7e" iand 2 1]
+                                 
+                                 ["62" fadd 2 1]
+                                 ["66" fsub 2 1]
+                                 ["6A" fmul 2 1]
+                                 ["6E" fdiv 2 1]
+                                 ["72" frem 2 1]
+                                 ["76" fneg 1 1]
+                                 
+                                 ["63" dadd 4 2]
+                                 ["67" dsub 4 2]
+                                 ["6B" dmul 4 2]
+                                 ["6F" ddiv 4 2]
+                                 ["73" drem 4 2]
+                                 ["77" dneg 2 2])
+                  <conversions> (template [<code> <name> <input-size> <output-size>]
+                                  [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> <output-size> []]]
+
+                                  ["8B" f2i 1 1]
+                                  ["8C" f2l 1 2]
+                                  ["8D" f2d 1 2]
+                                  
+                                  ["8E" d2i 2 1]
+                                  ["8F" d2l 2 2]
+                                  ["90" d2f 2 1]
+
+                                  ["85" i2l 1 2]
+                                  ["86" i2f 1 1]
+                                  ["87" i2d 1 2]
+                                  ["91" i2b 1 1]
+                                  ["92" i2c 1 1]
+                                  ["93" i2s 1 1])
+                  <comparisons> (template [<code> <name> <input-size>]
+                                  [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> 1 []]]
+
+                                  ["95" fcmpl 2]
+                                  ["96" fcmpg 2]
+
+                                  ["97" dcmpl 4]
+                                  ["98" dcmpg 4])
+                  <returns> (template [<code> <name> <input-size>]
+                              [[<code> <name> [] [] <input-size> 0 []]]
+
+                              ["AE" freturn 1]
+                              ["AF" dreturn 2]
+                              ["B0" areturn 1]
+                              )
+                  <jumps> (template [<code> <name> <input-size>]
+                            [[<code> <name> [[label Label]] [label] <input-size> 0 []]]
+
+                            ["99" ifeq 2]
+                            ["9A" ifne 2]
+                            ["9B" iflt 2]
+                            ["9C" ifge 2]
+                            ["9D" ifgt 2]
+                            ["9E" ifle 2]
+                            
+                            ["9F" if-icmpeq 2]
+                            ["A0" if-icmpne 2]
+                            ["A1" if-icmplt 2]
+                            ["A2" if-icmpge 2]
+                            ["A3" if-icmpgt 2]
+                            ["A4" if-icmple 2]
+                            
+                            ["A5" if-acmpeq 2]
+                            ["A6" if-acmpne 2]
+                            
+                            ["A7" goto 2]
+
+                            ["C6" ifnull 1]
+                            ["C7" ifnonnull 1])]
+  (template [<arity> <definitions>]
+    [(with-expansions [<definitions>' (template.splice <definitions>)]
+       (template [<code> <name> <instruction-inputs> <arity-inputs> <consumes> <produces> <locals>]
+         [(with-expansions [<inputs>' (template.splice <instruction-inputs>)
+                            <input-types> (template [<input-name> <input-type>]
+                                            [<input-type>]
+
+                                            <inputs>')
+                            <input-names> (template [<input-name> <input-type>]
+                                            [<input-name>]
+
+                                            <inputs>')
+                            <locals>' (template.splice <locals>)]
+            (def: #export (<name> <input-names>)
+              (-> <input-types> Instruction)
+              (..instruction
+               (`` ($_ /@compose
+                       (/.consumes <consumes>)
+                       (/.produces <produces>)
+                       (~~ (template [<local>]
+                             [(/.has-local <local>)]
+
+                             <locals>'))))
+               (`` (<arity> (hex <code>) (~~ (template.splice <arity-inputs>)))))))]
+
+         <definitions>'
+         ))]
+
+    [..nullary
+     [["00" nop [] [] 0 0 []]
+      ["59" dup [] [] 1 2 []]
+      ["5A" dup-x1 [] [] 2 3 []]
+      ["5B" dup-x2 [] [] 3 4 []]
+      ["5C" dup2 [] [] 2 4 []]
+      ["5D" dup2-x1 [] [] 3 5 []]
+      ["5E" dup2-x2 [] [] 4 6 []]
+      <constants>
+      <simple-local-loads>
+      <array-loads>
+      <simple-local-stores>
+      <array-stores>
+      <arithmetic>
+      <conversions>
+      <comparisons>
+      <returns>
+      ["BE" arraylength [] [] 1 1 []]
+      ["BF" athrow [] [] 1 0 []]]]
+
+    [..unary/1
+     [["10" bipush  [[byte U1]] [byte] 0 1 []]
+      <local-loads>
+      <local-stores>]]
+
+    [..unary/2
+     [<jumps>
+      ["BD" anewarray [[index (Index Class)]] [(//index.number index)] 1 1 []]
+      ["C0" checkcast [[index (Index Class)]] [(//index.number index)] 1 1 []]
+      ["B2" getstatic/1 [[index (Index Field)]] [(//index.number index)] 0 1 []]
+      ["B2" getstatic/2 [[index (Index Field)]] [(//index.number index)] 0 2 []]
+      ["B4" getfield/1 [[index (Index Field)]] [(//index.number index)] 1 1 []]
+      ["B4" getfield/2 [[index (Index Field)]] [(//index.number index)] 1 2 []]]]
+
+    [..unary/4
+     [["C8" goto-w [[label Wide-Label]] [label] 0 0 []]]]
+    ))
+
+(structure: #export monoid
+  (Monoid Instruction)
+
+  (def: identity ..nop)
+
+  (def: (compose left right)
+    (function (_ input)
+      (do error.monad
+        [temp (left input)]
+        (right temp)))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/condition.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/condition.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5769efc79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/condition.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    [monad (#+ do)]
+    [monoid (#+ Monoid)]]
+   [control
+    ["." exception (#+ exception:)]]
+   [data
+    [number (#+ hex)]
+    ["." error (#+ Error)]
+    ["." binary]
+    [text
+     ["%" format (#+ format)]]
+    [format
+     [".F" binary (#+ Mutation Specification)]]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   ["#." resources (#+ Resources)]
+   ["/#" // #_
+    [encoding
+     ["#." unsigned (#+ U1 U2)]]]])
+
+(type: #export Environment
+  {#resources Resources
+   #stack U2})
+
+(type: #export Condition
+  (-> Environment (Error Environment)))
+
+(structure: #export monoid
+  (Monoid Condition)
+
+  (def: identity (|>> #error.Success))
+
+  (def: (compose left right)
+    (function (_ environment)
+      (do error.monad
+        [environment (left environment)]
+        (right environment)))))
+
+(def: #export (produces amount env)
+  (-> Nat Condition)
+  (let [stack (n/+ amount
+                   (///unsigned.nat (get@ #stack env)))
+        max-stack (n/max stack
+                         (///unsigned.nat (get@ [#resources #//resources.max-stack] env)))]
+    (|> env
+        (set@ #stack (///unsigned.u2 stack))
+        (set@ [#resources #//resources.max-stack] (///unsigned.u2 max-stack))
+        #error.Success)))
+
+(exception: #export (cannot-pop-stack {stack-size Nat}
+                                      {wanted-pops Nat})
+  (exception.report
+   ["Stack Size" (%.nat stack-size)]
+   ["Wanted Pops" (%.nat wanted-pops)]))
+
+(def: #export (consumes wanted-pops env)
+  (-> Nat Condition)
+  (let [stack-size (///unsigned.nat (get@ #stack env))]
+    (if (n/<= stack-size wanted-pops)
+      (#error.Success (update@ #stack
+                               (|>> ///unsigned.nat (n/- wanted-pops) ///unsigned.u2)
+                               env))
+      (exception.throw ..cannot-pop-stack [stack-size wanted-pops]))))
+
+(type: #export Local U1)
+
+(def: #export (has-local local environment)
+  (-> Local Condition)
+  (let [max-locals (n/max (///unsigned.nat (get@ [#resources #//resources.max-locals] environment))
+                          (///unsigned.nat local))]
+    (|> environment
+        (set@ [#resources #//resources.max-locals]
+              (///unsigned.u2 max-locals))
+        #error.Success)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/label.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/label.lux
index 69a8d55c3..7aaff5739 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/attribute/code/label.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/label.lux
@@ -2,17 +2,19 @@
   [lux #*
    [abstract
     [equivalence (#+ Equivalence)]]]
-  ["." //// #_
+  ["." /// #_
    [encoding
-    ["#." unsigned (#+ U2)]]])
+    ["#." unsigned (#+ U2 U4)]]])
 
 (type: #export Label U2)
 
 (def: #export equivalence
-  ////unsigned.equivalence)
+  ///unsigned.equivalence)
 
 (def: #export parser
-  ////unsigned.u2-parser)
+  ///unsigned.u2-parser)
 
 (def: #export writer
-  ////unsigned.u2-writer)
+  ///unsigned.u2-writer)
+
+(type: #export Wide-Label U4)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/resources.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/resources.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fed6d4ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/code/resources.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    ["." equivalence (#+ Equivalence)]]
+   [control
+    ["<>" parser
+     ["<2>" binary (#+ Parser)]]]
+   [data
+    [format
+     [".F" binary (#+ Writer) ("#@." monoid)]]]]
+  ["." /// #_
+   [encoding
+    ["#." unsigned (#+ U2)]]])
+
+(type: #export Resources
+  {#max-stack U2
+   #max-locals U2})
+
+(def: #export length
+  ($_ n/+
+      ## u2 max_stack;
+      ///unsigned.u2-bytes
+      ## u2 max_locals;
+      ///unsigned.u2-bytes))
+
+(def: #export equivalence
+  (Equivalence Resources)
+  ($_ equivalence.product
+      ## u2 max_stack;
+      ///unsigned.equivalence
+      ## u2 max_locals;
+      ///unsigned.equivalence
+      ))
+
+(def: #export parser
+  (Parser Resources)
+  ($_ <>.and
+      ## u2 max_stack;
+      ///unsigned.u2-parser
+      ## u2 max_locals;
+      ///unsigned.u2-parser
+      ))
+
+(def: #export (writer resources)
+  (Writer Resources)
+  ($_ binaryF@compose
+      ## u2 max_stack;
+      (///unsigned.u2-writer (get@ #max-stack resources))
+      ## u2 max_locals;
+      (///unsigned.u2-writer (get@ #max-locals resources))
+      ))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/constant.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/constant.lux
index ee4dc5849..4dc021a3d 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/constant.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/constant.lux
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
   ["." / #_
    ["#." tag ("#;." equivalence)]
    ["." // #_
-    [descriptor (#+ Descriptor)]
+    ["#." descriptor (#+ Descriptor)]
     ["#." index (#+ Index)]
     [encoding
      [unsigned (#+ U4)]]]])
@@ -105,29 +105,29 @@
     )
   )
 
-(type: #export Name-And-Type
+(type: #export (Name-And-Type of)
   {#name (Index UTF8)
-   #descriptor (Index (Descriptor Any))})
+   #descriptor (Index (Descriptor of))})
 
-(type: #export Reference
+(type: #export (Reference of)
   {#class (Index Class)
-   #name-and-type (Index Name-And-Type)})
+   #name-and-type (Index (Name-And-Type of))})
 
 (template [<type> <equivalence> <parser> <writer>]
-  [(def: #export <equivalence>
-     (Equivalence <type>)
+  [(def: <equivalence>
+     (Equivalence (<type> Any))
      ($_ equivalence.product
          //index.equivalence
          //index.equivalence))
 
-   (def: #export <parser>
+   (def: <parser>
      (Parser <type>)
      ($_ <>.and
          //index.parser
          //index.parser))
 
-   (def: #export <writer>
-     (Writer <type>)
+   (def: <writer>
+     (Writer (<type> Any))
      ($_ binaryF.and
          //index.writer
          //index.writer))]
@@ -136,16 +136,18 @@
   [Reference reference-equivalence reference-parser reference-writer]
   )
 
+(type: #export Field (//descriptor.Value Any))
+
 (type: #export Constant
   (#UTF8 UTF8)
   (#Long Long)
   (#Double Double)
   (#Class Class)
   (#String String)
-  (#Field Reference)
-  (#Method Reference)
-  (#Interface-Method Reference)
-  (#Name-And-Type Name-And-Type))
+  (#Field (Reference Field))
+  (#Method (Reference //descriptor.Method))
+  (#Interface-Method (Reference //descriptor.Method))
+  (#Name-And-Type (Name-And-Type Any)))
 
 (def: #export equivalence
   (Equivalence Constant)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/encoding/unsigned.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/encoding/unsigned.lux
index 15dd7a07e..86495f38e 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/encoding/unsigned.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/encoding/unsigned.lux
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@
 
 (abstract: #export (Unsigned brand)
   {}
-  (I64 Any)
+  Nat
 
   (def: #export nat
-    (-> (Unsigned Any) (I64 Any))
+    (-> (Unsigned Any) Nat)
     (|>> :representation))
 
   (structure: #export equivalence
     (All [brand] (Equivalence (Unsigned brand)))
     (def: (= reference sample)
-      ("lux i64 =" (:representation reference) (:representation sample))))
+      (n/= (:representation reference) (:representation sample))))
 
-  (template [<bytes> <name> <size> <constructor> <max>]
+  (template [<bytes> <name> <size> <constructor> <max> <+>]
     [(with-expansions [<raw> (template.identifier [<name> "'"])]
        (abstract: #export <raw> {} Any)
        (type: #export <name> (Unsigned <raw>)))
@@ -40,19 +40,26 @@
        (|> <bytes> (n/* i64.bits-per-byte) i64.mask :abstraction))
      
      (def: #export <constructor>
-       (-> (I64 Any) <name>)
-       (|>> (i64.and (:representation <max>)) :abstraction))]
+       (-> Nat <name>)
+       (|>> (i64.and (:representation <max>)) :abstraction))
 
-    [1 U1 u1-bytes u1 max-u1]
-    [2 U2 u2-bytes u2 max-u2]
-    [4 U4 u4-bytes u4 max-u4]
+     (def: #export (<+> parameter subject)
+       (-> <name> <name> <name>)
+       (:abstraction
+        (i64.and (:representation <max>)
+                 (n/+ (:representation parameter)
+                      (:representation subject)))))]
+
+    [1 U1 u1-bytes u1 max-u1 u1/+]
+    [2 U2 u2-bytes u2 max-u2 u2/+]
+    [4 U4 u4-bytes u4 max-u4 u4/+]
     )
   )
 
 (template [<parser-name> <writer-name> <type> <parser> <writer> <post-read>]
   [(def: #export <parser-name>
      (Parser <type>)
-     (<>@map <post-read> <parser>))
+     (<>@map (|>> .nat <post-read>) <parser>))
 
    (def: #export <writer-name>
      (Writer <type>)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/method.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/method.lux
index c59bf7d58..e6ee82617 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/method.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/target/jvm/method.lux
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
    [type
     [abstract (#+)]]]
   ["." // #_
-   ["." modifier (#+ Modifier modifiers:)]
-   ["#." constant (#+ UTF8)
-    [pool (#+ Pool)]]
+   ["#." modifier (#+ Modifier modifiers:)]
    ["#." index (#+ Index)]
    ["#." attribute (#+ Attribute)]
-   ["#." descriptor (#+ Descriptor)]])
+   ["#." descriptor (#+ Descriptor)]
+   ["#." constant (#+ UTF8)
+    [pool (#+ Pool)]]])
 
 (type: #export #rec Method
   {#modifier (Modifier Method)
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 (def: #export equivalence
   (Equivalence Method)
   ($_ equivalence.product
-      modifier.equivalence
+      //modifier.equivalence
       //index.equivalence
       //index.equivalence
       (row.equivalence //attribute.equivalence)))
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 (def: #export (parser pool)
   (-> Pool (Parser Method))
   ($_ <>.and
-      modifier.parser
+      //modifier.parser
       //index.parser
       //index.parser
       (<2>.row/16 (//attribute.parser pool))))
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
           (~~ (template [<writer> <slot>]
                 [(<writer> (get@ <slot> field))]
 
-                [modifier.writer #modifier]
+                [//modifier.writer #modifier]
                 [//index.writer #name]
                 [//index.writer #descriptor]
                 [(binaryF.row/16 //attribute.writer) #attributes]))