Properly handling variance for remaining mutable types.

12 files changed, 312 insertions, 237 deletions

diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/actor.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/actor.lux
index 06eb74e44..8334f6f41 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/actor.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/actor.lux
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
  [//
   ["[0]" atom {"+" Atom atom}]
   ["[0]" async {"+" Async Resolver} ("[1]#[0]" monad)]
-  ["[0]" frp {"+" Channel}]])
+  ["[0]" frp {"+" Channel Channel'}]])
 
 (exception: .public poisoned)
 (exception: .public dead)
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
 (def: stop! false)
 
 (def: .public (observe! action channel actor)
-  (All (_ e s) (-> (-> e Stop (Mail s)) (Channel e) (Actor s) (IO Any)))
+  (All (_ r w s) (-> (-> r Stop (Mail s)) (Channel' r w) (Actor s) (IO Any)))
   (let [signal (is (Atom Bit)
                    (atom.atom ..continue!))
         stop (is Stop
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/async.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/async.lux
index 6070efb3e..e8edda452 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/async.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/async.lux
@@ -8,26 +8,34 @@
    [control
     ["[0]" pipe]
     ["[0]" function]
-    ["[0]" io {"+" IO io}]]
+    ["[0]" io {"+" IO io}]
+    ["[0]" maybe ("[1]#[0]" functor)]]
    [data
     ["[0]" product]]
    [macro
     ["^" pattern]]
    [type {"+" sharing}
-    [abstract {"-" pattern}]]]]
+    [abstract {"-" pattern}]
+    ["[0]" variance {"+" Mutable}]]]]
  [//
   ["[0]" thread]
   ["[0]" atom {"+" Atom atom}]])
 
-(abstract: .public (Async a)
+(abstract: .public (Async'' a)
   (Atom [(Maybe a) (List (-> a (IO Any)))])
 
-  (type: .public (Resolver a)
-    (-> a (IO Bit)))
+  (type: .public (Async' r w)
+    (Async'' (Mutable r w)))
+
+  (type: .public (Async a)
+    (Async'' (Mutable a a)))
+
+  (type: .public (Resolver w)
+    (-> w (IO Bit)))
 
   ... Sets an async's value if it has not been done yet.
   (def: (resolver async)
-    (All (_ a) (-> (Async a) (Resolver a)))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> (Async' r w) (Resolver w)))
     (function (resolve value)
       (let [async (representation async)]
         (do [! io.monad]
@@ -38,50 +46,49 @@
 
             {.#None}
             (do !
-              [.let [new [{.#Some value} {.#None}]]
-               succeeded? (atom.compare_and_swap! old new async)]
+              [succeeded? (atom.compare_and_swap! old [{.#Some (variance.write value)} (list)] async)]
               (if succeeded?
                 (do !
-                  [_ (monad.each ! (function (_ f) (f value))
+                  [_ (monad.each ! (function.on (variance.write value))
                                  _observers)]
                   (in #1))
                 (resolve value))))))))
 
   (def: .public (resolved value)
     (All (_ a) (-> a (Async a)))
-    (abstraction (atom [{.#Some value} (list)])))
+    (abstraction (atom [{.#Some (variance.write value)} (list)])))
 
   (def: .public (async _)
-    (All (_ a) (-> Any [(Async a) (Resolver a)]))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> Any [(Async' r w) (Resolver w)]))
     (let [async (abstraction (atom [{.#None} (list)]))]
       [async (..resolver async)]))
 
   (def: .public value
-    (All (_ a) (-> (Async a) (IO (Maybe a))))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> (Async' r w) (IO (Maybe r))))
     (|>> representation
          atom.read!
-         (# io.functor each product.left)))
+         (# io.functor each (|>> product.left
+                                 (maybe#each (|>> variance.read))))))
 
   (def: .public (upon! f async)
-    (All (_ a) (-> (-> a (IO Any)) (Async a) (IO Any)))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> (-> r (IO Any)) (Async' r w) (IO Any)))
     (do [! io.monad]
       [.let [async (representation async)]
        (^.let old [_value _observers]) (atom.read! async)]
       (case _value
         {.#Some value}
-        (f value)
+        (f (variance.read value))
 
         {.#None}
-        (let [new [_value {.#Item f _observers}]]
-          (do !
-            [swapped? (atom.compare_and_swap! old new async)]
-            (if swapped?
-              (in [])
-              (upon! f (abstraction async))))))))
+        (do !
+          [swapped? (atom.compare_and_swap! old [_value {.#Item (|>> variance.read f) _observers}] async)]
+          (if swapped?
+            (in [])
+            (upon! f (abstraction async)))))))
   )
 
 (def: .public resolved?
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Async a) (IO Bit)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (Async' r w) (IO Bit)))
   (|>> ..value
        (# io.functor each
           (|>> (pipe.case
@@ -95,7 +102,12 @@
   (Functor Async)
   
   (def: (each f fa)
-    (let [[fb resolve] (..async [])]
+    (let [[fb resolve] (sharing [a b]
+                                (-> a b)
+                                f
+                                
+                                [(Async b) (Resolver b)]
+                                (..async []))]
       (exec
         (io.run! (..upon! (|>> f resolve) fa))
         fb))))
@@ -106,7 +118,12 @@
   (def: &functor ..functor)
 
   (def: (on fa ff)
-    (let [[fb resolve] (..async [])]
+    (let [[fb resolve] (sharing [a b]
+                                (Async (-> a b))
+                                ff
+                                
+                                [(Async b) (Resolver b)]
+                                (..async []))]
       (exec
         (io.run! (..upon! (function (_ f)
                             (..upon! (|>> f resolve) fa))
@@ -121,19 +138,23 @@
   (def: in ..resolved)
 
   (def: (conjoint mma)
-    (let [[ma resolve] (async [])]
+    (let [[ma resolve] (sharing [a]
+                                (Async (Async a))
+                                mma
+                                
+                                [(Async a) (Resolver a)]
+                                (..async []))]
       (exec
         (io.run! (..upon! (..upon! resolve) mma))
         ma))))
 
 (def: .public (and left right)
-  (All (_ a b) (-> (Async a) (Async b) (Async [a b])))
-  (let [[read! write!] (sharing [a b]
-                                [(Async a) (Async b)]
+  (All (_ lr lw rr rw) (-> (Async' lr lw) (Async' rr rw) (Async [lr rr])))
+  (let [[read! write!] (sharing [lr lw rr rw]
+                                [(Async' lr lw) (Async' rr rw)]
                                 [left right]
 
-                                [(Async [a b])
-                                 (Resolver [a b])]
+                                [(Async [lr rr]) (Resolver [lr rr])]
                                 (..async []))
         _ (io.run! (..upon! (function (_ left)
                               (..upon! (function (_ right)
@@ -143,8 +164,13 @@
     read!))
 
 (def: .public (or left right)
-  (All (_ a b) (-> (Async a) (Async b) (Async (Or a b))))
-  (let [[a|b resolve] (..async [])]
+  (All (_ lr lw rr rw) (-> (Async' lr lw) (Async' rr rw) (Async (Or lr rr))))
+  (let [[left|right resolve] (sharing [lr lw rr rw]
+                                      [(Async' lr lw) (Async' rr rw)]
+                                      [left right]
+                                      
+                                      [(Async (Or lr rr)) (Resolver (Or lr rr))]
+                                      (..async []))]
     (with_expansions
       [<sides> (template [<async> <tag>]
                  [(io.run! (upon! (|>> {<tag>} resolve) <async>))]
@@ -154,11 +180,16 @@
                  )]
       (exec
         <sides>
-        a|b))))
+        left|right))))
 
 (def: .public (either left right)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Async a) (Async a) (Async a)))
-  (let [[left||right resolve] (..async [])]
+  (All (_ a lw rw) (-> (Async' a lw) (Async' a rw) (Async a)))
+  (let [[left||right resolve] (sharing [a lw rw]
+                                       [(Async' a lw) (Async' a rw)]
+                                       [left right]
+                                       
+                                       [(Async a) (Resolver a)]
+                                       (..async []))]
     (`` (exec
           (~~ (template [<async>]
                 [(io.run! (upon! resolve <async>))]
@@ -169,7 +200,12 @@
 
 (def: .public (schedule! milli_seconds computation)
   (All (_ a) (-> Nat (IO a) (Async a)))
-  (let [[!out resolve] (..async [])]
+  (let [[!out resolve] (sharing [a]
+                                (IO a)
+                                computation
+                                
+                                [(Async a) (Resolver a)]
+                                (..async []))]
     (exec
       (|> (do io.monad
             [value computation]
@@ -191,6 +227,6 @@
   (..after milli_seconds []))
 
 (def: .public (within milli_seconds async)
-  (All (_ a) (-> Nat (Async a) (Async (Maybe a))))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> Nat (Async' r w) (Async (Maybe r))))
   (..or (..delay milli_seconds)
         async))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/atom.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/atom.lux
index bb8c732a4..08533b6a5 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/atom.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/atom.lux
@@ -11,76 +11,68 @@
    [data
     ["[0]" product]
     [collection
-     ["[0]" array]]]
+     ["[0]" array "_"
+      ["[1]" \\unsafe]]]]
    [type
-    [abstract {"-" pattern}]]]])
+    [abstract {"-" pattern}]
+    ["[0]" variance {"+" Mutable}]]]])
 
 (with_expansions [<jvm> (these (ffi.import: (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference a)
                                  "[1]::[0]"
                                  (new [a])
-                                 (get [] "io" a)
+                                 (get [] a)
                                  (compareAndSet [a a] boolean)))]
   (for @.old <jvm>
        @.jvm <jvm>
        (these)))
 
-(with_expansions [<new> (for @.js "js array new"
-                             @.python "python array new"
-                             @.lua "lua array new"
-                             @.ruby "ruby array new"
-                             @.php "php array new"
-                             @.scheme "scheme array new"
-                             (these))
-                  <write> (for @.js "js array write"
-                               @.python "python array write"
-                               @.lua "lua array write"
-                               @.ruby "ruby array write"
-                               @.php "php array write"
-                               @.scheme "scheme array write"
-                               (these))
-                  
-                  <read> (for @.js "js array read"
-                              @.python "python array read"
-                              @.lua "lua array read"
-                              @.ruby "ruby array read"
-                              @.php "php array read"
-                              @.scheme "scheme array read"
-                              (these))]
-  (abstract: .public (Atom a)
-    (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference a)]
-      (for @.old <jvm>
-           @.jvm <jvm>
-           (array.Array a)))
+(abstract: .public (Atom'' a)
+  (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference a)]
+    (for @.old <jvm>
+         @.jvm <jvm>
+         (array.Array a)))
 
-    (def: .public (atom value)
-      (All (_ a) (-> a (Atom a)))
-      (abstraction (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::new value)]
-                     (for @.old <jvm>
-                          @.jvm <jvm>
-                          (<write> 0 value (<new> 1))))))
+  (type: .public (Atom' r w)
+    (Atom'' (Mutable r w)))
 
-    (def: .public (read! atom)
-      (All (_ a) (-> (Atom a) (IO a)))
-      (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::get (representation atom))]
-        (for @.old <jvm>
-             @.jvm <jvm>
-             (io.io (<read> 0 (representation atom))))))
+  (type: .public (Atom a)
+    (Atom'' (Mutable a a)))
 
-    (def: .public (compare_and_swap! current new atom)
-      (All (_ a) (-> a a (Atom a) (IO Bit)))
-      (io.io (with_expansions [<jvm> (ffi.of_boolean (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::compareAndSet current new (representation atom)))]
-               (for @.old <jvm>
-                    @.jvm <jvm>
-                    (let [old (<read> 0 (representation atom))]
-                      (if (same? old current)
-                        (exec
-                          (<write> 0 new (representation atom))
-                          true)
-                        false))))))
-    ))
+  (def: .public (atom value)
+    (All (_ a) (-> a (Atom a)))
+    (abstraction
+     (with_expansions [<jvm> (as_expected (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::new value))]
+       (for @.old <jvm>
+            @.jvm <jvm>
+            (array.has! 0 value (array.empty 1))))))
+
+  (def: .public (read! atom)
+    (All (_ r w) (-> (Atom' r w) (IO r)))
+    (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::get (representation atom))]
+      (io.io (for @.old (variance.read <jvm>)
+                  @.jvm <jvm>
+                  (variance.read (array.item 0 (representation atom)))))))
+
+  (def: .public (compare_and_swap! current new atom)
+    (All (_ r w) (-> r w (Atom' r w) (IO Bit)))
+    (io.io (for @.old (ffi.of_boolean
+                       (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::compareAndSet (variance.write
+                                                                                    (`` (as (~~ (type_of new))
+                                                                                            current)))
+                                                                                   (variance.write new)
+                                                                                   (representation atom)))
+                @.jvm (ffi.of_boolean
+                       (java/util/concurrent/atomic/AtomicReference::compareAndSet current new (representation atom)))
+                (let [old (array.item 0 (representation atom))]
+                  (if (same? old current)
+                    (exec
+                      (array.has! 0 new (representation atom))
+                      true)
+                    false)))))
+  )
 
 (def: .public (update! f atom)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (-> a a) (Atom a) (IO [a a])))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (-> r w) (Atom' r w) (IO [r w])))
   (loop (again [_ []])
     (do io.monad
       [old (read! atom)
@@ -91,7 +83,7 @@
         (again [])))))
 
 (def: .public (write! value atom)
-  (All (_ a) (-> a (Atom a) (IO a)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> w (Atom' r w) (IO r)))
   (|> atom
       (..update! (function.constant value))
       (io#each product.left)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
index cb0613fae..92aab2a89 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
@@ -12,28 +12,35 @@
     ["[0]" exception {"+" exception:}]
     ["[0]" io {"+" IO io}]]
    [type {"+" sharing}
-    [abstract {"-" pattern}]]]]
+    [abstract {"-" pattern}]
+    ["[0]" variance {"+" Mutable}]]]]
  [//
   ["[0]" atom {"+" Atom}]
-  ["[0]" async {"+" Async} ("[1]#[0]" monad)]])
+  ["[0]" async {"+" Async Async'} ("[1]#[0]" monad)]])
+
+(type: .public (Channel'' a)
+  (Async (Maybe [a (Channel'' a)])))
+
+(type: .public (Channel' r w)
+  (Channel'' (Mutable r w)))
 
 (type: .public (Channel a)
-  (Async (Maybe [a (Channel a)])))
+  (Channel'' (Mutable a a)))
 
 (exception: .public channel_is_already_closed)
 
-(type: .public (Sink a)
+(type: .public (Sink w)
   (Interface
    (is (IO (Try Any))
        close)
-   (is (-> a (IO (Try Any)))
+   (is (-> w (IO (Try Any)))
        feed)))
 
-(def: (sink resolve)
+(def: (sink resolution)
   (All (_ a)
-    (-> (async.Resolver (Maybe [a (Channel a)]))
+    (-> (async.Resolver (Maybe [(Mutable a a) (Channel a)]))
         (Sink a)))
-  (let [sink (atom.atom resolve)]
+  (let [sink (atom.atom resolution)]
     (implementation
      (def: close
        (loop (again [_ []])
@@ -57,13 +64,13 @@
          (do [! io.monad]
            [current (atom.read! sink)
             .let [[next resolve_next] (sharing [a]
-                                               (async.Resolver (Maybe [a (Channel a)]))
+                                               (async.Resolver (Maybe [(Mutable a a) (Channel a)]))
                                                current
                                                
-                                               [(Async (Maybe [a (Channel a)]))
-                                                (async.Resolver (Maybe [a (Channel a)]))]
+                                               [(Channel a)
+                                                (async.Resolver (Maybe [(Mutable a a) (Channel a)]))]
                                                (async.async []))]
-            fed? (current {.#Some [value next]})]
+            fed? (current {.#Some [(variance.write value) next]})]
            (if fed?
              ... I fed the sink.
              (do !
@@ -90,7 +97,8 @@
     (async#each
      (maybe#each
       (function (_ [head tail])
-        [(f head) (each f tail)])))))
+        [(variance.write (f (variance.read head)))
+         (each f tail)])))))
 
 (implementation: .public apply
   (Apply Channel)
@@ -103,7 +111,8 @@
        item_a fa]
       (case [item_f item_a]
         [{.#Some [head_f tail_f]} {.#Some [head_a tail_a]}]
-        (in {.#Some [(head_f head_a) (on tail_a tail_f)]})
+        (in {.#Some [(variance.write ((variance.read head_f) (variance.read head_a)))
+                     (on tail_a tail_f)]})
 
         _
         (in {.#None})))))
@@ -118,10 +127,15 @@
   (def: &functor ..functor)
 
   (def: (in a)
-    (async.resolved {.#Some [a ..empty]}))
+    (async.resolved {.#Some [(variance.write a) ..empty]}))
 
   (def: (conjoint mma)
-    (let [[output sink] (channel [])]
+    (let [[output sink] (sharing [a]
+                                 (Channel (Channel a))
+                                 mma
+                                 
+                                 [(Channel a) (Sink a)]
+                                 (channel []))]
       (exec
         (is (Async Any)
             (loop (again [mma mma])
@@ -132,12 +146,12 @@
                   (do !
                     [_ (loop (again [ma ma])
                          (do !
-                           [?ma ma]
+                           [?ma (variance.read ma)]
                            (case ?ma
                              {.#Some [a ma']}
                              (exec
-                               (io.run! (# sink feed a))
-                               (again ma'))
+                               (io.run! (# sink feed (variance.read a)))
+                               (again (variance.write ma')))
                              
                              {.#None}
                              (in []))))]
@@ -151,7 +165,7 @@
   (-> a (IO (Maybe Any))))
 
 (def: .public (subscribe! subscriber channel)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Subscriber a) (Channel a) (IO Any)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (Subscriber r) (Channel' r w) (IO Any)))
   (io (exec
         (is (Async Any)
             (loop (again [channel channel])
@@ -159,7 +173,7 @@
                 [item channel]
                 (case item
                   {.#Some [head tail]}
-                  (case (io.run! (subscriber head))
+                  (case (io.run! (subscriber (variance.read head)))
                     {.#Some _}
                     (again tail)
                     
@@ -177,7 +191,7 @@
     (case item
       {.#Some [head tail]}
       (let [tail' (only pass? tail)]
-        (if (pass? head)
+        (if (pass? (variance.read head))
           (in {.#Some [head tail']})
           tail'))
       
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@
 (def: .public (of_async async)
   (All (_ a) (-> (Async a) (Channel a)))
   (async#each (function (_ value)
-                {.#Some [value ..empty]})
+                {.#Some [(variance.write value) ..empty]})
               async))
 
 (def: .public (mix f init channel)
@@ -202,7 +216,7 @@
       
       {.#Some [head tail]}
       (do !
-        [init' (f head init)]
+        [init' (f (variance.read head) init)]
         (mix f init' tail)))))
 
 (def: .public (mixes f init channel)
@@ -211,7 +225,7 @@
         (Channel a)))
   (<| async#in
       {.#Some}
-      [init]
+      [(variance.write init)]
       (do [! async.monad]
         [item channel]
         (case item
@@ -220,7 +234,7 @@
           
           {.#Some [head tail]}
           (do !
-            [init' (f head init)]
+            [init' (f (variance.read head) init)]
             (mixes f init' tail))))))
 
 (def: .public (poll milli_seconds action)
@@ -243,12 +257,12 @@
   (All (_ s o) (-> (-> s (Async (Maybe [s o]))) s (Channel o)))
   (do async.monad
     [?next (f init)]
-    (case ?next
-      {.#Some [state output]}
-      (in {.#Some [output (iterations f state)]})
-      
-      {.#None}
-      (in {.#None}))))
+    (in (case ?next
+          {.#Some [state output]}
+          {.#Some [(variance.write output) (iterations f state)]}
+          
+          {.#None}
+          {.#None}))))
 
 (def: (distinct' equivalence previous channel)
   (All (_ a) (-> (Equivalence a) a (Channel a) (Channel a)))
@@ -256,9 +270,9 @@
     [item channel]
     (case item
       {.#Some [head tail]}
-      (if (# equivalence = previous head)
+      (if (# equivalence = previous (variance.read head))
         (distinct' equivalence previous tail)
-        (in {.#Some [head (distinct' equivalence head tail)]}))
+        (in {.#Some [head (distinct' equivalence (variance.read head) tail)]}))
       
       {.#None}
       (in {.#None}))))
@@ -269,7 +283,7 @@
     [item channel]
     (in (case item
           {.#Some [head tail]}
-          {.#Some [head (distinct' equivalence head tail)]}
+          {.#Some [head (distinct' equivalence (variance.read head) tail)]}
           
           {.#None}
           {.#None}))))
@@ -280,7 +294,7 @@
     [item channel]
     (case item
       {.#Some [head tail]}
-      (# ! each (|>> {.#Item head})
+      (# ! each (|>> {.#Item (variance.read head)})
          (list tail))
 
       {.#None}
@@ -293,6 +307,7 @@
     ..empty
 
     {.#Item head tail}
-    (async.resolved {.#Some [head (do async.monad
-                                    [_ (async.delay milli_seconds)]
-                                    (sequential milli_seconds tail))]})))
+    (async.resolved {.#Some [(variance.write head)
+                             (do async.monad
+                               [_ (async.delay milli_seconds)]
+                               (sequential milli_seconds tail))]})))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/semaphore.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/semaphore.lux
index 4b5f886a4..05ce1aef6 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/semaphore.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/semaphore.lux
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
     (|>> representation ..wait!))
 
   (def: release!
-    (-> Mutex (Async Any))
+    (-> Mutex (Async (Try Int)))
     (|>> representation ..signal!))
 
   (def: .public (synchronize! mutex procedure)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/stm.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/stm.lux
index be8203dde..918283f70 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/stm.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/stm.lux
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
      ["[0]" list]]]
    [macro
     ["^" pattern]]
-   [type
-    [abstract {"-" pattern}]]]]
+   [type {"+" sharing}
+    [abstract {"-" pattern}]
+    ["[0]" variance {"+" Mutable}]]]]
  [//
   ["[0]" atom {"+" Atom atom}]
   ["[0]" async {"+" Async Resolver}]
@@ -25,70 +26,82 @@
 (type: (Observer a)
   (-> a (IO Any)))
 
-(abstract: .public (Var a)
+(abstract: .public (Var'' a)
   (Atom [a (List (Sink a))])
 
+  (type: .public (Var' r w)
+    (Var'' (Mutable r w)))
+  
+  (type: .public (Var a)
+    (Var'' (Mutable a a)))
+
   (def: .public (var value)
     (All (_ a) (-> a (Var a)))
-    (abstraction (atom.atom [value (list)])))
+    (abstraction (atom.atom [(variance.write value) (list)])))
 
   (def: read!
-    (All (_ a) (-> (Var a) a))
-    (|>> representation atom.read! io.run! product.left))
-
-  (def: (un_follow! sink var)
-    (All (_ a) (-> (Sink a) (Var a) (IO Any)))
-    (do io.monad
-      [_ (atom.update! (function (_ [value observers])
-                         [value (list.only (|>> (same? sink) not) observers)])
-                       (representation var))]
-      (in [])))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> (Var' r w) r))
+    (|>> representation atom.read! io.run! product.left variance.read))
 
   (def: (write! new_value var)
-    (All (_ a) (-> a (Var a) (IO Any)))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> w (Var' r w) (IO Any)))
     (do [! io.monad]
       [.let [var' (representation var)]
-       (^.let old [old_value observers]) (atom.read! var')
-       succeeded? (atom.compare_and_swap! old [new_value observers] var')]
+       (^.let old [_ observers]) (atom.read! var')
+       succeeded? (atom.compare_and_swap! old [(variance.write new_value) observers] var')]
       (if succeeded?
         (do !
-          [_ (monad.each ! (function (_ sink)
-                             (do !
-                               [result (# sink feed new_value)]
-                               (case result
-                                 {try.#Success _}
-                                 (in [])
-                                 
-                                 {try.#Failure _}
-                                 (un_follow! sink var))))
-                         observers)]
+          [banned (monad.only ! (function (_ sink)
+                                  (do !
+                                    [result (# sink feed (variance.write new_value))]
+                                    (in (case result
+                                          {try.#Success _}
+                                          false
+                                          
+                                          {try.#Failure _}
+                                          true))))
+                              observers)
+           _ (atom.update! (function (_ [value audience])
+                             (|> audience
+                                 (list.only (function (_ it)
+                                              (not (list.any? (same? it) banned))))
+                                 [value]))
+                           var')]
           (in []))
         (write! new_value var))))
 
   (def: .public (changes target)
     (All (_ a) (-> (Var a) (IO [(Channel a) (Sink a)])))
     (do io.monad
-      [.let [[channel sink] (frp.channel [])]
+      [.let [[channel sink] (sharing [a]
+                                     (Var a)
+                                     target
+
+                                     [(Channel a) (Sink a)]
+                                     (frp.channel []))]
        _ (atom.update! (function (_ [value observers])
-                         [value {.#Item sink observers}])
+                         [value {.#Item (implementation
+                                         (def: close (# sink close))
+                                         (def: feed (|>> variance.read (# sink feed))))
+                                        observers}])
                        (representation target))]
       (in [channel sink])))
   )
 
-(type: (Tx_Frame a)
+(type: (Tx_Frame r w)
   (Record
-   [#var (Var a)
-    #original a
-    #current a]))
+   [#var (Var' r w)
+    #original r
+    #current w]))
 
 (type: Tx
-  (List (Ex (_ a) (Tx_Frame a))))
+  (List (Ex (_ r w) (Tx_Frame r w))))
 
 (type: .public (STM a)
   (-> Tx [Tx a]))
 
 (def: (var_value var tx)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Var a) Tx (Maybe a)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (Var' r w) Tx (Maybe r)))
   (|> tx
       (list.example (function (_ [_var _original _current])
                       (same? (as (Var Any) var)
@@ -98,7 +111,7 @@
       as_expected))
 
 (def: .public (read var)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Var a) (STM a)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (Var' r w) (STM r)))
   (function (_ tx)
     (case (var_value var tx)
       {.#Some value}
@@ -106,11 +119,14 @@
 
       {.#None}
       (let [value (..read! var)]
-        [{.#Item [var value value] tx}
+        [{.#Item [#var var
+                  #original value
+                  #current (as_expected value)]
+                 tx}
          value]))))
 
 (def: (with_updated_var var value tx)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (Var a) a Tx Tx))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (Var' r w) w Tx Tx))
   (case tx
     {.#End}
     {.#End}
@@ -118,9 +134,9 @@
     {.#Item [_var _original _current] tx'}
     (if (same? (as (Var Any) var)
                (as (Var Any) _var))
-      {.#Item [#var (as (Var Any) _var)
-               #original (as Any _original)
-               #current (as Any value)]
+      {.#Item [#var _var
+               #original _original
+               #current (as_expected value)]
               tx'}
       {.#Item [#var _var
                #original _original
@@ -128,7 +144,7 @@
               (with_updated_var var value tx')})))
 
 (def: .public (write value var)
-  (All (_ a) (-> a (Var a) (STM Any)))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> w (Var' r w) (STM Any)))
   (function (_ tx)
     (case (var_value var tx)
       {.#Some _}
@@ -136,7 +152,10 @@
        []]
 
       {.#None}
-      [{.#Item [var (..read! var) value] tx}
+      [{.#Item [#var var
+                #original (..read! var)
+                #current value]
+               tx}
        []])))
 
 (implementation: .public functor
@@ -173,12 +192,12 @@
         (ma tx')))))
 
 (def: .public (update f var)
-  (All (_ a) (-> (-> a a) (Var a) (STM [a a])))
+  (All (_ r w) (-> (-> r w) (Var' r w) (STM [r w])))
   (do ..monad
-    [a (..read var)
-     .let [a' (f a)]
-     _ (..write a' var)]
-    (in [a a'])))
+    [before (..read var)
+     .let [after (f before)]
+     _ (..write after var)]
+    (in [before after])))
 
 (def: (can_commit? tx)
   (-> Tx Bit)
@@ -187,8 +206,8 @@
                tx))
 
 (def: (commit_var! [_var _original _current])
-  (-> (Ex (_ a) (Tx_Frame a)) (IO Any))
-  (if (same? _original _current)
+  (-> (Ex (_ r w) (Tx_Frame r w)) (IO Any))
+  (if (same? (as Any _original) (as Any _current))
     (io [])
     (..write! _current _var)))
 
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/thread.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/thread.lux
index db9c06846..f8d92bc77 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/thread.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/concurrency/thread.lux
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@
 
 (def: .public (schedule! milli_seconds action)
   (-> Nat (IO Any) (IO Any))
-  (with_expansions [<jvm> (these (let [runnable (ffi.object [] [java/lang/Runnable]
-                                                  []
-                                                  (java/lang/Runnable [] (run self []) void
-                                                                      (..execute! action)))]
-                                   (case milli_seconds
-                                     0 (java/util/concurrent/Executor::execute runnable runner)
-                                     _ (java/util/concurrent/ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor::schedule runnable (.int milli_seconds) java/util/concurrent/TimeUnit::MILLISECONDS
-                                                                                                   runner))))]
+  (with_expansions [<jvm> (let [runnable (ffi.object [] [java/lang/Runnable]
+                                           []
+                                           (java/lang/Runnable [] (run self []) void
+                                                               (..execute! action)))]
+                            (case milli_seconds
+                              0 (java/util/concurrent/Executor::execute runnable runner)
+                              _ (java/util/concurrent/ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor::schedule runnable (.int milli_seconds) java/util/concurrent/TimeUnit::MILLISECONDS
+                                                                                            runner)))]
     (for @.old <jvm>
          @.jvm <jvm>
 
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/thread.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/thread.lux
index 4b5fdfc35..6a65b2650 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/thread.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/control/thread.lux
@@ -10,48 +10,46 @@
     ["[0]" io {"+" IO}]]
    [data
     [collection
-     ["[0]" array {"+" Array}]]]
+     ["[0]" array "_"
+      ["[1]" \\unsafe {"+" Array}]]]]
    [type
-    [abstract {"-" pattern}]]]])
+    [abstract {"-" pattern}]
+    ["[0]" variance {"+" Mutable}]]]])
 
 (type: .public (Thread ! a)
   (-> ! a))
 
-(abstract: .public (Box t v)
-  (Array v)
+(abstract: .public (Box'' t a)
+  (Array a)
+
+  (type: .public (Box' t r w)
+    (Box'' t (Mutable r w)))
+
+  (type: .public (Box t a)
+    (Box'' t (Mutable a a)))
 
   (def: .public (box init)
     (All (_ a) (-> a (All (_ !) (Thread ! (Box ! a)))))
     (function (_ !)
       (|> (array.empty 1)
-          (array.has! 0 init)
+          (array.has! 0 (variance.write init))
           abstraction)))
 
   (def: .public (read! box)
-    (All (_ ! a) (-> (Box ! a) (Thread ! a)))
+    (All (_ ! r w) (-> (Box' ! r w) (Thread ! r)))
     (function (_ !)
-      (for @.old
-           ("jvm aaload" (representation box) 0)
-
-           @.jvm
-           ("jvm array read object"
-            (|> 0
-                (as (Primitive "java.lang.Long"))
-                "jvm object cast"
-                "jvm conversion long-to-int")
-            (representation box))
-
-           @.js ("js array read" 0 (representation box))
-           @.python ("python array read" 0 (representation box))
-           @.lua ("lua array read" 0 (representation box))
-           @.ruby ("ruby array read" 0 (representation box))
-           @.php ("php array read" 0 (representation box))
-           @.scheme ("scheme array read" 0 (representation box)))))
+      (|> box
+          representation
+          (array.item 0)
+          variance.read)))
 
   (def: .public (write! value box)
-    (All (_ a) (-> a (All (_ !) (-> (Box ! a) (Thread ! Any)))))
+    (All (_ r w) (-> w (All (_ !) (-> (Box' ! r w) (Thread ! Any)))))
     (function (_ !)
-      (|> box representation (array.has! 0 value) abstraction)))
+      (|> box
+          representation
+          (array.has! 0 (variance.write value))
+          abstraction)))
   )
 
 (def: .public (result thread)
@@ -97,8 +95,9 @@
       ((ffa !) !))))
 
 (def: .public (update! f box)
-  (All (_ a !) (-> (-> a a) (Box ! a) (Thread ! a)))
+  (All (_ ! r w) (-> (-> r w) (Box' ! r w) (Thread ! [r w])))
   (do ..monad
     [old (read! box)
-     _ (write! (f old) box)]
-    (in old)))
+     .let [new (f old)]
+     _ (write! new box)]
+    (in [old new])))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/default/platform.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/default/platform.lux
index bf809bbb5..1facd15f6 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/default/platform.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/default/platform.lux
@@ -115,7 +115,10 @@
       (let [system (the #&file_system platform)
             write_artifact! (is (-> [artifact.ID (Maybe Text) Binary] (Action Any))
                                 (function (_ [artifact_id custom content])
-                                  (cache/artifact.cache! system context @module artifact_id content)))]
+                                  (with_expansions [<it> (cache/artifact.cache! system context @module artifact_id content)]
+                                    (for @.old (as (Async (Try Any))
+                                                   <it>)
+                                         <it>))))]
         (do [! ..monad]
           [_ (is (Async (Try Any))
                  (cache/module.enable! async.monad system context @module))
@@ -132,12 +135,15 @@
                       (is (Action (List Any)))))
            document (# async.monad in
                        (document.marked? key (the [archive.#module module.#document] entry)))]
-          (|> [(|> entry
-                   (the archive.#module)
-                   (has module.#document document))
-               (the archive.#registry entry)]
-              (_.result (..writer format))
-              (cache/module.cache! system context @module)))))
+          (with_expansions [<it> (|> [(|> entry
+                                          (the archive.#module)
+                                          (has module.#document document))
+                                      (the archive.#registry entry)]
+                                     (_.result (..writer format))
+                                     (cache/module.cache! system context @module))]
+            (for @.old (as (Async (Try Any))
+                           <it>)
+                 <it>)))))
 
     ... TODO: Inline ASAP
     (def: initialize_buffer!
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/meta/io/archive.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/meta/io/archive.lux
index 26298275f..bd1c6aa1e 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/meta/io/archive.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/meta/io/archive.lux
@@ -332,9 +332,15 @@
             (list.only (|>> product.left (dictionary.key? purge) not))
             (monad.each ! (function (_ [module_name [@module entry]])
                             (do !
-                              [[entry bundles] (..load_definitions fs context @module host_environment entry)]
-                              (in [[module_name entry]
-                                   bundles])))))]
+                              [[entry bundles] (with_expansions [<it> (..load_definitions fs context @module host_environment entry)]
+                                                 (for @.old (as (Async (Try [(archive.Entry .Module) Bundles]))
+                                                                <it>)
+                                                      <it>))]
+                              (in (with_expansions [<it> [[module_name entry]
+                                                          bundles]]
+                                    (for @.old (as [[descriptor.Module (archive.Entry .Module)] Bundles]
+                                                   <it>)
+                                         <it>)))))))]
     (in it)))
 
 (def: (load_every_reserved_module customs configuration host_environment fs context import contexts archive)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
index 3c804559e..90d5f17fe 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/concurrency/frp.lux
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
    [math
     ["[0]" random]
     [number
-     ["n" nat]]]]]
+     ["n" nat]]]
+   [type
+    ["[0]" variance]]]]
  [\\library
   ["[0]" /
    [//
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@
        (in (case [?left ?right]
              [{.#Some {.#Some [left _]}}
               {.#Some {.#Some [right _]}}]
-             (== left right)
+             (== (variance.read left) (variance.read right))
              
              _
              false))))))
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@
           (in {.#End})
 
           {.#Some [head tail]}
-          (# ! each (|>> {.#Item head})
+          (# ! each (|>> {.#Item (variance.read head)})
              (take_amount (-- amount_of_polls) [channel sink]))))))
 
 (def: .public test
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@
                             [?actual (async.value channel)]
                             (in (case ?actual
                                   {.#Some {.#Some [actual _]}}
-                                  (n.= sample actual)
+                                  (n.= sample (variance.read actual))
                                   
                                   _
                                   false))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/thread.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/thread.lux
index 5da8a5e95..cfff55018 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/thread.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/control/thread.lux
@@ -77,6 +77,6 @@
                                      (/.result (is (All (_ !) (Thread ! Nat))
                                                    (do /.monad
                                                      [box (/.box sample)
-                                                      old (/.update! (n.* factor) box)]
-                                                     (/.read! box))))))))
+                                                      [old new] (/.update! (n.* factor) box)]
+                                                     (in new))))))))
             ))))