Moved Ruby back-end code to stdlib.

19 files changed, 1483 insertions, 83 deletions

diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/host/python.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/host/python.lux
index ce9a2e504..d2fe7f9c7 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/host/python.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/host/python.lux
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 (.module:
   [lux (#- Code not or and list if cond int comment)
    [control
-    pipe]
+    [pipe (#+ new> case> cond>)]]
    [data
     [number
      ["." frac]]
@@ -60,13 +60,15 @@
     [Label Code]
     )
 
-  (abstract: #export Single {} Any)
-  (abstract: #export Poly {} Any)
-  (abstract: #export Keyword {} Any)
+  (template [<var> <brand>]
+    [(abstract: #export <brand> {} Any)
 
-  (type: #export SVar (Var Single))
-  (type: #export PVar (Var Poly))
-  (type: #export KVar (Var Keyword))
+     (type: #export <var> (Var <brand>))]
+
+    [SVar Single]
+    [PVar Poly]
+    [KVar Keyword]
+    )
 
   (def: #export var
     (-> Text SVar)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/host/ruby.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/host/ruby.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bf113ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/host/ruby.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- Code static int if cond function or and not comment)
+   [control
+    [pipe (#+ case> cond> new>)]]
+   [data
+    [number
+     ["." frac]]
+    ["." text
+     format]
+    [collection
+     ["." list ("#@." functor fold)]]]
+   [macro
+    ["." template]
+    ["." code]
+    ["s" syntax (#+ syntax:)]]
+   [type
+    abstract]])
+
+(def: input-separator ", ")
+(def: statement-suffix ";")
+
+(def: nest
+  (-> Text Text)
+  (|>> (format text.new-line)
+       (text.replace-all text.new-line (format text.new-line text.tab))))
+
+(abstract: #export (Code brand)
+  {}
+
+  Text
+
+  (def: #export manual
+    (-> Text Code)
+    (|>> :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export code
+    (-> (Code Any) Text)
+    (|>> :representation))
+
+  (template [<type> <super>]
+    [(with-expansions [<brand> (template.identifier [<type> "'"])]
+       (`` (abstract: #export (<brand> brand) {} Any))
+       (`` (type: #export (<type> brand)
+             (<super> (<brand> brand)))))]
+    
+    [Expression Code]
+    [Computation Expression]
+    [Location Computation]
+    [Var Location]
+    [Statement Code]
+    )
+
+  (template [<type> <super>]
+    [(with-expansions [<brand> (template.identifier [<type> "'"])]
+       (`` (abstract: #export <brand> {} Any))
+       (`` (type: #export <type> (<super> <brand>))))]
+
+    [Literal Computation]
+    [Access Location]
+    [Loop Statement]
+    [Label Code]
+    )
+
+  (template [<var> <brand> <prefix> <constructor>]
+    [(abstract: #export <brand> {} Any)
+
+     (type: #export <var> (Var <brand>))
+
+     (def: #export <constructor>
+       (-> Text <var>)
+       (|>> (format <prefix>) :abstraction))]
+
+    [GVar Global   "$"  global]
+    [IVar Instance "@"  instance]
+    [SVar Static   "@@" static]
+    )
+
+  (abstract: #export (Local brand) {} Any)
+  (type: #export LVar (Var (Local Any)))
+
+  (def: #export local
+    (-> Text LVar)
+    (|>> :abstraction))
+
+  (template [<var> <brand> <prefix> <modifier> <unpacker>]
+    [(abstract: #export <brand> {} Any)
+
+     (type: #export <var> (Var (Local <brand>)))
+
+     (template [<name> <input> <output>]
+       [(def: #export <name>
+          (-> <input> <output>)
+          (|>> :representation (format <prefix>) :abstraction))]
+
+       [<modifier> LVar <var>]
+       [<unpacker> (Expression Any) (Computation Any)]
+       )]
+
+    [LVar*  Poly   "*"  variadic    splat]
+    [LVar** PolyKV "**" variadic-kv double-splat]
+    )
+
+  (template [<ruby-name> <lux-name>]
+    [(def: #export <lux-name> (..global <ruby-name>))]
+
+    ["@" latest-error]
+    ["_" last-string-read]
+    ["." last-line-number-read]
+    ["&" last-string-matched]
+    ["~" last-regexp-match]
+    ["=" case-insensitivity-flag]
+    ["/" input-record-separator]
+    ["\" output-record-separator]
+    ["0" script-name]
+    ["*" command-line-arguments]
+    ["$" process-id]
+    ["?" exit-status]
+    )
+
+  (def: #export nil
+    Literal
+    (:abstraction "nil"))
+
+  (def: #export bool
+    (-> Bit Literal)
+    (|>> (case> #0 "false"
+                #1 "true")
+         :abstraction))
+
+  (def: sanitize
+    (-> Text Text)
+    (`` (|>> (~~ (template [<find> <replace>]
+                   [(text.replace-all <find> <replace>)]
+
+                   ["\" "\\"]
+                   [text.tab "\t"]
+                   [text.vertical-tab "\v"]
+                   [text.null "\0"]
+                   [text.back-space "\b"]
+                   [text.form-feed "\f"]
+                   [text.new-line "\n"]
+                   [text.carriage-return "\r"]
+                   [text.double-quote (format "\" text.double-quote)]
+                   ))
+             )))
+
+  (template [<format> <name> <type> <prep>]
+    [(def: #export <name>
+       (-> <type> Literal)
+       (|>> <prep> <format> :abstraction))]
+
+    [%i int Int     (<|)]
+    [%t string Text ..sanitize]
+    )
+
+  (def: #export float
+    (-> Frac Literal)
+    (|>> (cond> [(f/= frac.positive-infinity)]
+                [(new> "(+1.0/0.0)" [])]
+                
+                [(f/= frac.negative-infinity)]
+                [(new> "(-1.0/0.0)" [])]
+                
+                [(f/= frac.not-a-number)]
+                [(new> "(+0.0/-0.0)" [])]
+
+                ## else
+                [%f])
+         :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export (array-range from to array)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+    (|> (format (:representation from) ".." (:representation to))
+        (text.enclose ["[" "]"])
+        (format (:representation array))
+        :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export array
+    (-> (List (Expression Any)) Literal)
+    (|>> (list@map (|>> :representation))
+         (text.join-with ..input-separator)
+         (text.enclose ["[" "]"])
+         :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export hash
+    (-> (List [(Expression Any) (Expression Any)]) Literal)
+    (|>> (list@map (.function (_ [k v])
+                     (format (:representation k) " => " (:representation v))))
+         (text.join-with ..input-separator)
+         (text.enclose ["{" "}"])
+         :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export (apply/* args func)
+    (-> (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+    (|> args
+        (list@map (|>> :representation))
+        (text.join-with ..input-separator)
+        (text.enclose ["(" ")"])
+        (format (:representation func))
+        :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export (the field object)
+    (-> Text (Expression Any) Access)
+    (:abstraction (format (:representation object) "." field)))
+
+  (def: #export (nth idx array)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) Access)
+    (|> (:representation idx)
+        (text.enclose ["[" "]"])
+        (format (:representation array))
+        :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export (? test then else)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+    (|> (format (:representation test) " ? "
+                (:representation then) " : "
+                (:representation else))
+        (text.enclose ["(" ")"])
+        :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export statement
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any))
+    (|>> :representation
+         (text.suffix ..statement-suffix)
+         :abstraction))
+
+  (def: #export (then pre! post!)
+    (-> (Statement Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+    (:abstraction
+     (format (:representation pre!)
+             text.new-line
+             (:representation post!))))
+
+  (def: #export (set vars value)
+    (-> (List (Location Any)) (Expression Any) (Statement Any))
+    (:abstraction
+     (format (|> vars
+                 (list@map (|>> :representation))
+                 (text.join-with ..input-separator))
+             " = " (:representation value) ..statement-suffix)))
+
+  (def: (block content)
+    (-> Text Text)
+    (format content
+            text.new-line "end" ..statement-suffix))
+
+  (def: #export (if test then! else!)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+    (<| :abstraction
+        ..block
+        (format "if " (:representation test)
+                text.new-line (..nest (:representation then!))
+                text.new-line "else"
+                text.new-line (..nest (:representation else!)))))
+
+  (template [<name> <block>]
+    [(def: #export (<name> test then!)
+       (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+       (<| :abstraction
+           ..block
+           (format <block> " " (:representation test)
+                   text.new-line (..nest (:representation then!)))))]
+
+    [when "if"]
+    [while "while"]
+    )
+
+  (def: #export (for-in var array iteration!)
+    (-> LVar (Expression Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+    (<| :abstraction
+        ..block
+        (format "for " (:representation var)
+                " in " (:representation array)
+                " do "
+                text.new-line (..nest (:representation iteration!)))))
+
+  (type: #export Rescue
+    {#classes (List Text)
+     #exception LVar
+     #rescue (Statement Any)})
+
+  (def: #export (begin body! rescues)
+    (-> (Statement Any) (List Rescue) (Statement Any))
+    (<| :abstraction
+        ..block
+        (format "begin"
+                text.new-line (:representation body!)
+                (|> rescues
+                    (list@map (.function (_ [classes exception rescue])
+                                (format text.new-line "rescue " (text.join-with ..input-separator classes)
+                                        " => " (:representation exception)
+                                        text.new-line (..nest (:representation rescue)))))
+                    (text.join-with text.new-line)))))
+
+  (def: #export (return value)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any))
+    (:abstraction (format "return " (:representation value) ..statement-suffix)))
+
+  (def: #export (raise message)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+    (:abstraction (format "raise " (:representation message))))
+
+  (template [<name> <keyword>]
+    [(def: #export <name>
+       (Statement Any)
+       (|> <keyword>
+           (text.suffix ..statement-suffix)
+           :abstraction))]
+
+    [next "next"]
+    [redo "redo"]
+    [break "break"]
+    )
+
+  (def: #export (function name args body!)
+    (-> LVar (List (Var Any)) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+    (<| :abstraction
+        ..block
+        (format "def " (:representation name)
+                (|> args
+                    (list@map (|>> :representation))
+                    (text.join-with ..input-separator)
+                    (text.enclose ["(" ")"]))
+                text.new-line (:representation body!))))
+
+  (def: #export (lambda name args body!)
+    (-> (Maybe LVar) (List (Var Any)) (Statement Any) Literal)
+    (let [proc (|> (format (|> args
+                               (list@map (|>> :representation))
+                               (text.join-with ..input-separator)
+                               (text.enclose' "|"))
+                           " "
+                           (:representation body!))
+                   (text.enclose ["{" "}"])
+                   (format "lambda "))]
+      (|> (case name
+            #.None
+            proc
+            
+            (#.Some name)
+            (format (:representation name) " = " proc))
+          (text.enclose ["(" ")"])
+          :abstraction)))
+
+  (template [<op> <name>]
+    [(def: #export (<name> parameter subject)
+       (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+       (:abstraction (format "(" (:representation subject) " " <op> " " (:representation parameter) ")")))]
+
+    ["==" =]
+    [ "<" <]
+    ["<=" <=]
+    [ ">" >]
+    [">=" >=]
+
+    [ "+" +]
+    [ "-" -]
+    [ "*" *]
+    [ "/" /]
+    [ "%" %]
+    ["**" pow]
+
+    ["||" or]
+    ["&&" and]
+    [ "|" bit-or]
+    [ "&" bit-and]
+    [ "^" bit-xor]
+
+    ["<<" bit-shl]
+    [">>" bit-shr]
+    )
+
+  (def: #export (not subject)
+    (-> (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+    (:abstraction (format "(!" (:representation subject) ")")))
+
+  (def: #export (comment commentary on)
+    (All [brand] (-> Text (Code brand) (Code brand)))
+    (:abstraction (format "# "  (..sanitize commentary) text.new-line
+                          (:representation on))))
+  )
+
+(def: #export (do method args object)
+  (-> Text (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+  (|> object (..the method) (..apply/* args)))
+
+(def: #export (cond clauses else!)
+  (-> (List [(Expression Any) (Statement Any)]) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+  (list@fold (.function (_ [test then!] next!)
+               (..if test then! next!))
+             else!
+             (list.reverse clauses)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/case.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/case.lux
index dca429854..74b1128c2 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/case.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/case.lux
@@ -113,10 +113,11 @@
      (-> Bit Nat Statement)
      ($_ _.then
          (_.set @temp (|> idx <prep> .int _.i32 (//runtime.sum//get ..peek-cursor <flag>)))
-         (_.if (_.= _.null @temp)
-           fail-pm!
-           (.if simple?
-             (_.statement _.null)
+         (.if simple?
+           (_.when (_.= _.null @temp)
+                   fail-pm!)
+           (_.if (_.= _.null @temp)
+             fail-pm!
              (push-cursor! @temp)))))]
 
   [left-choice  _.null        (<|)]
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/runtime.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/runtime.lux
index 9102dd30d..f492479d4 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/runtime.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/js/runtime.lux
@@ -693,29 +693,22 @@
       ))
 
 (runtime: (array//read idx array)
-  (let [fail! (_.return ..none)]
-    (_.if (_.< (..length array) idx)
-      (with-vars [temp]
-        ($_ _.then
-            (_.define temp (_.at idx array))
-            (_.if (_.= _.undefined temp)
-              fail!
-              (_.return (..some temp)))))
-      fail!)))
+  (with-vars [temp]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.define temp (_.at idx array))
+        (_.if (_.= _.undefined temp)
+          (_.return ..none)
+          (_.return (..some temp))))))
 
 (runtime: (array//write idx value array)
-  (_.if (_.< (..length array) idx)
-    ($_ _.then
-        (_.set (_.at idx array) value)
-        (_.return (..some array)))
-    (_.return ..none)))
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.set (_.at idx array) value)
+      (_.return array)))
 
 (runtime: (array//delete idx array)
-  (_.if (_.< (..length array) idx)
-    ($_ _.then
-        (_.delete (_.at idx array))
-        (_.return (..some array)))
-    (_.return ..none)))
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.delete (_.at idx array))
+      (_.return array)))
 
 (def: runtime//array
   Statement
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/case.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/case.lux
index 923f3d1d3..3aa95d673 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/case.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/case.lux
@@ -67,32 +67,32 @@
      elseO (generate elseS)]
     (wrap (_.? testO thenO elseO))))
 
-(def: @savepoint (_.var "lux_pm_cursor_savepoint"))
+(def: @savepoint (_.var "lux_pm_savepoint"))
 (def: @cursor (_.var "lux_pm_cursor"))
 (def: @temp (_.var "lux_pm_temp"))
 
-(def: (push-cursor! value)
+(def: (push! value)
   (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any))
   (_.statement (|> @cursor (_.do "append" (list value)))))
 
-(def: peek-and-pop-cursor
+(def: peek-and-pop
   (Expression Any)
   (|> @cursor (_.do "pop" (list))))
 
-(def: pop-cursor!
+(def: pop!
   (Statement Any)
-  (_.statement ..peek-and-pop-cursor))
+  (_.statement ..peek-and-pop))
 
-(def: peek-cursor
+(def: peek
   (Expression Any)
   (_.nth (_.int -1) @cursor))
 
-(def: save-cursor!
+(def: save!
   (Statement Any)
   (.let [cursor (_.slice-from (_.int +0) @cursor)]
     (_.statement (|> @savepoint (_.do "append" (list cursor))))))
 
-(def: restore-cursor!
+(def: restore!
   (Statement Any)
   (_.set (list @cursor) (|> @savepoint (_.do "pop" (list)))))
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 
 (exception: #export unrecognized-path)
 
-(def: (multi-pop-cursor! pops)
+(def: (multi-pop! pops)
   (-> Nat (Statement Any))
   (_.delete (_.slice-from (_.int (i/* -1 (.int pops))) @cursor)))
 
@@ -108,12 +108,14 @@
   [(def: (<name> simple? idx)
      (-> Bit Nat (Statement Any))
      ($_ _.then
-         (_.set (list @temp) (|> idx <prep> .int _.int (//runtime.sum//get ..peek-cursor <flag>)))
-         (_.if (_.= _.none @temp)
-           fail-pm!
-           (.if simple?
-             _.pass
-             (push-cursor! @temp)))))]
+         (_.set (list @temp) (|> idx <prep> .int _.int (//runtime.sum//get ..peek <flag>)))
+         (.if simple?
+           (_.when (_.= _.none @temp)
+                   fail-pm!)
+           (_.if (_.= _.none @temp)
+             fail-pm!
+             (..push! @temp))
+           )))]
 
   [left-choice  _.none        (<|)]
   [right-choice (_.string "") inc]
@@ -124,10 +126,10 @@
   ($_ _.then
       (_.while (_.bool true)
                ($_ _.then
-                   ..save-cursor!
+                   ..save!
                    pre!))
       ($_ _.then
-          ..restore-cursor!
+          ..restore!
           post!)))
 
 (def: (pattern-matching' generate pathP)
@@ -137,14 +139,14 @@
     (:: ////.monad map _.return (generate bodyS))
 
     #/////synthesis.Pop
-    (////@wrap pop-cursor!)
+    (////@wrap ..pop!)
 
     (#/////synthesis.Bind register)
-    (////@wrap (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek-cursor))
+    (////@wrap (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek))
 
     (^template [<tag> <format>]
       (^ (<tag> value))
-      (////@wrap (_.when (|> value <format> (_.= ..peek-cursor) _.not)
+      (////@wrap (_.when (|> value <format> (_.= ..peek) _.not)
                          fail-pm!)))
     ([/////synthesis.path/bit  //primitive.bit]
      [/////synthesis.path/i64  //primitive.i64]
@@ -163,11 +165,11 @@
      [/////synthesis.side/right /////synthesis.simple-right-side ..right-choice])
 
     (^ (/////synthesis.member/left 0))
-    (////@wrap (|> ..peek-cursor (_.nth (_.int +0)) push-cursor!))
+    (////@wrap (|> ..peek (_.nth (_.int +0)) ..push!))
     
     (^template [<pm> <getter>]
       (^ (<pm> lefts))
-      (////@wrap (|> ..peek-cursor (<getter> (_.int (.int lefts))) push-cursor!)))
+      (////@wrap (|> ..peek (<getter> (_.int (.int lefts))) ..push!)))
     ([/////synthesis.member/left  //runtime.tuple//left]
      [/////synthesis.member/right //runtime.tuple//right])
 
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@
     (do ////.monad
       [then! (pattern-matching' generate thenP)]
       (////@wrap ($_ _.then
-                     (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek-and-pop-cursor)
+                     (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek-and-pop)
                      then!)))
 
     (^ (/////synthesis.!multi-pop nextP))
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@
       (do ////.monad
         [next! (pattern-matching' generate nextP')]
         (////@wrap ($_ _.then
-                       (multi-pop-cursor! (n/+ 2 extra-pops))
+                       (..multi-pop! (n/+ 2 extra-pops))
                        next!))))
 
     (^template [<tag> <combinator>]
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/runtime.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/runtime.lux
index f5a734346..0b84f4741 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/runtime.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/runtime.lux
@@ -293,15 +293,10 @@
 
 (def: inc (|>> (_.+ (_.int +1))))
 
-(template [<name> <top-cmp>]
-  [(def: (<name> top value)
-     (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
-     (_.and (|> value (_.>= (_.int +0)))
-            (|> value (<top-cmp> top))))]
-
-  [within? _.<]
-  [up-to?  _.<=]
-  )
+(def: (within? top value)
+  (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+  (_.and (|> value (_.>= (_.int +0)))
+         (|> value (_.< top))))
 
 (runtime: (text//clip @text @from @to)
   (_.return (|> @text (_.slice @from (inc @to)))))
@@ -318,26 +313,18 @@
       @text//clip
       @text//char))
 
-(def: (check-index-out-of-bounds array idx body!)
-  (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
-  (_.if (|> idx (_.<= (_.len/1 array)))
-    body!
-    (_.raise (_.Exception/1 (_.string "Array index out of bounds!")))))
-
 (runtime: (array//get array idx)
   (with-vars [temp]
-    (<| (check-index-out-of-bounds array idx)
-        ($_ _.then
-            (_.set (list temp) (_.nth idx array))
-            (_.if (_.= _.none temp)
-              (_.return ..none)
-              (_.return (..some temp)))))))
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list temp) (_.nth idx array))
+        (_.if (_.= _.none temp)
+          (_.return ..none)
+          (_.return (..some temp))))))
 
 (runtime: (array//put array idx value)
-  (<| (check-index-out-of-bounds array idx)
-      ($_ _.then
-          (_.set (list (_.nth idx array)) value)
-          (_.return array))))
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.set (list (_.nth idx array)) value)
+      (_.return array)))
 
 (def: runtime//array
   (Statement Any)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/structure.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/structure.lux
index 93a83883d..bcae96966 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/structure.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/python/structure.lux
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
     (generate singletonS)
 
     _
-    (do ////.monad
-      [elemsT+ (monad.map @ generate elemsS+)]
-      (wrap (_.list elemsT+)))))
+    (|> elemsS+
+        (monad.map ////.monad generate)
+        (:: ////.monad map _.list))))
 
 (def: #export (variant generate [lefts right? valueS])
   (-> Phase (Variant Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..155d3e13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    [monad (#+ do)]]]
+  [/
+   [runtime (#+ Phase)]
+   ["." primitive]
+   ["." structure]
+   ["." reference ("#@." system)]
+   ["." case]
+   ["." function]
+   ["." loop]
+   ["." ///
+    ["." extension]
+    [//
+     ["." synthesis]]]])
+
+(def: #export (generate synthesis)
+  Phase
+  (case synthesis
+    (^template [<tag> <generator>]
+      (^ (<tag> value))
+      (:: ///.monad wrap (<generator> value)))
+    ([synthesis.bit  primitive.bit]
+     [synthesis.i64  primitive.i64]
+     [synthesis.f64  primitive.f64]
+     [synthesis.text primitive.text])
+
+    (^ (synthesis.variant variantS))
+    (structure.variant generate variantS)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.tuple members))
+    (structure.tuple generate members)
+
+    (#synthesis.Reference value)
+    (reference@reference value)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.branch/case case))
+    (case.case generate case)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.branch/let let))
+    (case.let generate let)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.branch/if if))
+    (case.if generate if)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.loop/scope scope))
+    (loop.scope generate scope)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.loop/recur updates))
+    (loop.recur generate updates)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.function/abstraction abstraction))
+    (function.function generate abstraction)
+
+    (^ (synthesis.function/apply application))
+    (function.apply generate application)
+
+    (#synthesis.Extension extension)
+    (extension.apply generate extension)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/case.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/case.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bc52c318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/case.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- case let if)
+   [abstract
+    [monad (#+ do)]]
+   [control
+    ["ex" exception (#+ exception:)]]
+   [data
+    ["." text
+     format]
+    [collection
+     ["." list ("#@." functor fold)]
+     ["." set]]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression LVar Statement)]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   ["#." runtime (#+ Operation Phase)]
+   ["#." reference]
+   ["#." primitive]
+   ["#/" //
+    ["#." reference]
+    ["#/" // ("#@." monad)
+     [synthesis
+      ["." case]]
+     ["#/" // #_
+      ["." reference (#+ Register)]
+      ["#." synthesis (#+ Synthesis Path)]]]]])
+
+(def: #export register
+  (///reference.local _.local))
+
+(def: #export capture
+  (///reference.foreign _.local))
+
+(def: #export (let generate [valueS register bodyS])
+  (-> Phase [Synthesis Register Synthesis]
+      (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [valueO (generate valueS)
+     bodyO (generate bodyS)]
+    ## TODO: Find some way to do 'let' without paying the price of the closure.
+    (wrap (|> bodyO
+              _.return
+              (_.lambda #.None (list (..register register)))
+              (_.apply/* (list valueO))))))
+
+(def: #export (record-get generate valueS pathP)
+  (-> Phase Synthesis (List (Either Nat Nat))
+      (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [valueO (generate valueS)]
+    (wrap (list@fold (function (_ side source)
+                       (.let [method (.case side
+                                       (^template [<side> <accessor>]
+                                         (<side> lefts)
+                                         (<accessor> (_.int (.int lefts))))
+                                       ([#.Left //runtime.tuple//left]
+                                        [#.Right //runtime.tuple//right]))]
+                         (method source)))
+                     valueO
+                     pathP))))
+
+(def: #export (if generate [testS thenS elseS])
+  (-> Phase [Synthesis Synthesis Synthesis]
+      (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [testO (generate testS)
+     thenO (generate thenS)
+     elseO (generate elseS)]
+    (wrap (_.? testO thenO elseO))))
+
+(def: @savepoint (_.local "lux_pm_savepoint"))
+(def: @cursor (_.local "lux_pm_cursor"))
+(def: @temp (_.local "lux_pm_temp"))
+
+(def: (push! value)
+  (-> (Expression Any) (Statement Any))
+  (_.statement (|> @cursor (_.do "push" (list value)))))
+
+(def: peek-and-pop
+  (Expression Any)
+  (|> @cursor (_.do "pop" (list))))
+
+(def: pop!
+  (Statement Any)
+  (_.statement ..peek-and-pop))
+
+(def: peek
+  (Expression Any)
+  (_.nth (_.int -1) @cursor))
+
+(def: save!
+  (Statement Any)
+  (.let [cursor (_.array-range (_.int +0) (_.int -1) @cursor)]
+    (_.statement (|> @savepoint (_.do "push" (list cursor))))))
+
+(def: restore!
+  (Statement Any)
+  (_.set (list @cursor) (|> @savepoint (_.do "pop" (list)))))
+
+(def: fail-pm! _.break)
+
+(exception: #export unrecognized-path)
+
+(def: (multi-pop! pops)
+  (-> Nat (Statement Any))
+  (_.statement (_.do "slice!" (list (_.int (i/* -1 (.int pops)))
+                                    (_.int (.int pops)))
+                 @cursor)))
+
+(template [<name> <flag> <prep>]
+  [(def: (<name> simple? idx)
+     (-> Bit Nat (Statement Any))
+     ($_ _.then
+         (_.set (list @temp) (|> idx <prep> .int _.int (//runtime.sum//get ..peek <flag>)))
+         (.if simple?
+           (_.when (_.= _.nil @temp)
+                   fail-pm!)
+           (_.if (_.= _.nil @temp)
+             fail-pm!
+             (..push! @temp)))))]
+
+  [left-choice  _.nil         (<|)]
+  [right-choice (_.string "") inc]
+  )
+
+(def: (alternation pre! post!)
+  (-> (Statement Any) (Statement Any) (Statement Any))
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.while (_.bool true)
+               ($_ _.then
+                   ..save!
+                   pre!))
+      ($_ _.then
+          ..restore!
+          post!)))
+
+(def: (pattern-matching' generate pathP)
+  (-> Phase Path (Operation (Statement Any)))
+  (.case pathP
+    (^ (/////synthesis.path/then bodyS))
+    (:: ////.monad map _.return (generate bodyS))
+
+    #/////synthesis.Pop
+    (////@wrap ..pop!)
+
+    (#/////synthesis.Bind register)
+    (////@wrap (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek))
+
+    (^template [<tag> <format>]
+      (^ (<tag> value))
+      (////@wrap (_.when (|> value <format> (_.= ..peek) _.not)
+                         fail-pm!)))
+    ([/////synthesis.path/bit  //primitive.bit]
+     [/////synthesis.path/i64  //primitive.i64]
+     [/////synthesis.path/f64  //primitive.f64]
+     [/////synthesis.path/text //primitive.text])
+
+    (^template [<complex> <simple> <choice>]
+      (^ (<complex> idx))
+      (////@wrap (<choice> false idx))
+
+      (^ (<simple> idx nextP))
+      (|> nextP
+          (pattern-matching' generate)
+          (:: ////.monad map (_.then (<choice> true idx)))))
+    ([/////synthesis.side/left  /////synthesis.simple-left-side  ..left-choice]
+     [/////synthesis.side/right /////synthesis.simple-right-side ..right-choice])
+
+    (^ (/////synthesis.member/left 0))
+    (////@wrap (|> ..peek (_.nth (_.int +0)) ..push!))
+    
+    (^template [<pm> <getter>]
+      (^ (<pm> lefts))
+      (////@wrap (|> ..peek (<getter> (_.int (.int lefts))) ..push!)))
+    ([/////synthesis.member/left  //runtime.tuple//left]
+     [/////synthesis.member/right //runtime.tuple//right])
+
+    (^ (/////synthesis.!bind-top register thenP))
+    (do ////.monad
+      [then! (pattern-matching' generate thenP)]
+      (////@wrap ($_ _.then
+                     (_.set (list (..register register)) ..peek-and-pop)
+                     then!)))
+
+    (^ (/////synthesis.!multi-pop nextP))
+    (.let [[extra-pops nextP'] (case.count-pops nextP)]
+      (do ////.monad
+        [next! (pattern-matching' generate nextP')]
+        (////@wrap ($_ _.then
+                       (..multi-pop! (n/+ 2 extra-pops))
+                       next!))))
+
+    (^template [<tag> <combinator>]
+      (^ (<tag> preP postP))
+      (do ////.monad
+        [pre! (pattern-matching' generate preP)
+         post! (pattern-matching' generate postP)]
+        (wrap (<combinator> pre! post!))))
+    ([/////synthesis.path/seq _.then]
+     [/////synthesis.path/alt ..alternation])
+
+    _
+    (////.throw unrecognized-path [])))
+
+(def: (pattern-matching generate pathP)
+  (-> Phase Path (Operation (Statement Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [pattern-matching! (pattern-matching' generate pathP)]
+    (wrap ($_ _.then
+              (_.while (_.bool true)
+                       pattern-matching!)
+              (_.statement (_.raise (_.string case.pattern-matching-error)))))))
+
+(def: #export (case generate [valueS pathP])
+  (-> Phase [Synthesis Path] (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [initG (generate valueS)
+     pattern-matching! (pattern-matching generate pathP)]
+    (wrap (|> ($_ _.then
+                  (_.set (list @cursor) (_.array (list initG)))
+                  (_.set (list @savepoint) (_.array (list)))
+                  pattern-matching!)
+              (_.lambda #.None (list))
+              (_.do "call" (list))))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a40b4953f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [data
+    [collection
+     ["." dictionary]]]]
+  [//
+   [runtime (#+ Bundle)]]
+  [/
+   ["." common]
+   ["." host]])
+
+(def: #export bundle
+  Bundle
+  (|> common.bundle
+      (dictionary.merge host.bundle)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/common.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/common.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eda6782b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/common.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    ["." monad (#+ do)]]
+   [control
+    ["." function]]
+   [data
+    ["." product]
+    ["." text]
+    [collection
+     ["." dictionary]]]
+   [host (#+ import:)
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  ["." /// #_
+   ["#." runtime (#+ Operation Phase Handler Bundle)]
+   ["#." primitive]
+   [//
+    [extension (#+ Nullary Unary Binary Trinary
+                   nullary unary binary trinary)]
+    [//
+     [extension
+      ["." bundle]]]]])
+
+(def: lux-procs
+  Bundle
+  (|> bundle.empty
+      (bundle.install "is" (binary (product.uncurry _.=)))
+      (bundle.install "try" (unary ///runtime.lux//try))))
+
+(def: keep-i64
+  (All [input]
+    (-> (-> input (Expression Any))
+        (-> input (Expression Any))))
+  (function.compose (_.bit-and (_.manual "0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"))))
+
+(def: i64-procs
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "i64")
+      (|> bundle.empty
+          (bundle.install "and" (binary (product.uncurry _.bit-and)))
+          (bundle.install "or" (binary (product.uncurry _.bit-or)))
+          (bundle.install "xor" (binary (product.uncurry _.bit-xor)))
+          (bundle.install "left-shift" (binary (..keep-i64 (product.uncurry _.bit-shl))))
+          (bundle.install "logical-right-shift" (binary (product.uncurry ///runtime.i64//logic-right-shift)))
+          (bundle.install "arithmetic-right-shift" (binary (product.uncurry _.bit-shr)))
+          (bundle.install "=" (binary (product.uncurry _.=)))
+          (bundle.install "+" (binary (..keep-i64 (product.uncurry _.+))))
+          (bundle.install "-" (binary (..keep-i64 (product.uncurry _.-))))
+          )))
+
+(import: #long java/lang/Double
+  (#static MIN_VALUE Double)
+  (#static MAX_VALUE Double))
+
+(template [<name> <const>]
+  [(def: (<name> _)
+     (Nullary (Expression Any))
+     (_.float <const>))]
+
+  [frac//smallest (java/lang/Double::MIN_VALUE)]
+  [frac//min      (f/* -1.0 (java/lang/Double::MAX_VALUE))]
+  [frac//max      (java/lang/Double::MAX_VALUE)]
+  )
+
+(def: int-procs
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "int")
+      (|> bundle.empty
+          (bundle.install "<" (binary (product.uncurry _.<)))
+          (bundle.install "*" (binary (..keep-i64 (product.uncurry _.*))))
+          (bundle.install "/" (binary (product.uncurry _./)))
+          (bundle.install "%" (binary (product.uncurry _.%)))
+          (bundle.install "frac" (unary (_./ (_.float +1.0))))
+          (bundle.install "char" (unary (_.do "chr" (list)))))))
+
+(def: frac-procs
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "frac")
+      (|> bundle.empty
+          (bundle.install "+" (binary (product.uncurry _.+)))
+          (bundle.install "-" (binary (product.uncurry _.-)))
+          (bundle.install "*" (binary (product.uncurry _.*)))
+          (bundle.install "/" (binary (product.uncurry _./)))
+          (bundle.install "%" (binary (product.uncurry _.%)))
+          (bundle.install "=" (binary (product.uncurry _.=)))
+          (bundle.install "<" (binary (product.uncurry _.<)))
+          (bundle.install "smallest" (nullary frac//smallest))
+          (bundle.install "min" (nullary frac//min))
+          (bundle.install "max" (nullary frac//max))
+          (bundle.install "int" (unary (_.do "floor" (list))))
+          (bundle.install "encode" (unary (_.do "to_s" (list))))
+          (bundle.install "decode" (unary ///runtime.f64//decode)))))
+
+(def: (text//char [subjectO paramO])
+  (Binary (Expression Any))
+  (///runtime.text//char subjectO paramO))
+
+(def: (text//clip [paramO extraO subjectO])
+  (Trinary (Expression Any))
+  (///runtime.text//clip subjectO paramO extraO))
+
+(def: (text//index [startO partO textO])
+  (Trinary (Expression Any))
+  (///runtime.text//index textO partO startO))
+
+(def: text-procs
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "text")
+      (|> bundle.empty
+          (bundle.install "=" (binary (product.uncurry _.=)))
+          (bundle.install "<" (binary (product.uncurry _.<)))
+          (bundle.install "concat" (binary (product.uncurry _.+)))
+          (bundle.install "index" (trinary text//index))
+          (bundle.install "size" (unary (_.the "length")))
+          (bundle.install "char" (binary (product.uncurry ///runtime.text//char)))
+          (bundle.install "clip" (trinary text//clip))
+          )))
+
+(def: (io//log! messageG)
+  (Unary (Expression Any))
+  (_.or (_.apply/* (list (|> messageG (_.+ (_.string text.new-line))))
+                   (_.local "puts"))
+        ///runtime.unit))
+
+(def: io//error!
+  (Unary (Expression Any))
+  _.raise)
+
+(def: (io//exit! code)
+  (Unary (Expression Any))
+  (_.apply/* (list code) (_.local "exit")))
+
+(def: (io//current-time! _)
+  (Nullary (Expression Any))
+  (|> (_.local "Time")
+      (_.do "now" (list))
+      (_.do "to_f" (list))
+      (_.* (_.float +1000.0))
+      (_.do "to_i" (list))))
+
+(def: io-procs
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "io")
+      (|> bundle.empty
+          (bundle.install "log" (unary ..io//log!))
+          (bundle.install "error" (unary ..io//error!))
+          (bundle.install "exit" (unary ..io//exit!))
+          (bundle.install "current-time" (nullary ..io//current-time!)))))
+
+(def: #export bundle
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "lux")
+      (|> lux-procs
+          (dictionary.merge ..i64-procs)
+          (dictionary.merge ..int-procs)
+          (dictionary.merge ..frac-procs)
+          (dictionary.merge ..text-procs)
+          (dictionary.merge ..io-procs)
+          )))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/host.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/host.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8b6dcb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/extension/host.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    ["." monad (#+ do)]]
+   [data
+    ["." product]
+    [collection
+     ["." dictionary]]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  ["." /// #_
+   ["#." runtime (#+ Handler Bundle)]
+   ["#/" // #_
+    ["#." extension (#+ Nullary Unary Binary Trinary Variadic
+                        nullary unary binary trinary variadic)]
+    ["#/" //
+     ["#." extension
+      ["." bundle]]
+     ["#/" // #_
+      ["#." synthesis]]]]])
+
+(def: #export bundle
+  Bundle
+  (<| (bundle.prefix "ruby")
+      bundle.empty))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/function.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/function.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..486b68592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/function.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- function)
+   [abstract
+    ["." monad (#+ do)]]
+   [control
+    pipe]
+   [data
+    ["." product]
+    [text
+     format]
+    [collection
+     ["." list ("#@." functor fold)]]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression Statement)]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   [runtime (#+ Operation Phase)]
+   ["#." reference]
+   ["#." case]
+   ["#/" //
+    ["#." reference]
+    ["#/" //
+     ["." // #_
+      [reference (#+ Register Variable)]
+      [analysis (#+ Variant Tuple Environment Arity Abstraction Application Analysis)]
+      [synthesis (#+ Synthesis)]]]]])
+
+(def: #export (apply generate [functionS argsS+])
+  (-> Phase (Application Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [functionO (generate functionS)
+     argsO+ (monad.map @ generate argsS+)]
+    (wrap (_.apply/* argsO+ functionO))))
+
+(def: #export capture
+  (///reference.foreign _.local))
+
+(def: (with-closure inits function-definition)
+  (-> (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) (Expression Any))
+  (case inits
+    #.Nil
+    function-definition
+
+    _
+    (|> function-definition
+        _.return
+        (_.lambda #.None
+             (|> (list.enumerate inits)
+                 (list@map (|>> product.left ..capture))))
+        (_.do "call" inits))))
+
+(def: input
+  (|>> inc //case.register))
+
+(def: #export (function generate [environment arity bodyS])
+  (-> Phase (Abstraction Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [[function-name bodyO] (///.with-context
+                             (do @
+                               [function-name ///.context]
+                               (///.with-anchor (_.local function-name)
+                                 (generate bodyS))))
+     closureO+ (: (Operation (List (Expression Any)))
+                  (monad.map @ (:: //reference.system variable) environment))
+     #let [@curried (_.local "curried")
+           arityO (|> arity .int _.int)
+           limitO (|> arity dec .int _.int)
+           @num-args (_.local "num_args")
+           @self (_.local function-name)
+           initialize-self! (_.set (list (//case.register 0)) @self)
+           initialize! (list@fold (.function (_ post pre!)
+                                    ($_ _.then
+                                        pre!
+                                        (_.set (list (..input post)) (_.nth (|> post .int _.int) @curried))))
+                                  initialize-self!
+                                  (list.indices arity))]]
+    (wrap (with-closure closureO+
+            (_.lambda (#.Some @self) (list (_.variadic @curried))
+                 ($_ _.then
+                     (_.set (list @num-args) (_.the "length" @curried))
+                     (_.cond (list [(|> @num-args (_.= arityO))
+                                    ($_ _.then
+                                        initialize!
+                                        (_.return bodyO))]
+                                   [(|> @num-args (_.> arityO))
+                                    (let [slice (.function (_ from to)
+                                                  (_.array-range from to @curried))
+                                          arity-args (_.splat (slice (_.int +0) limitO))
+                                          output-func-args (_.splat (slice arityO @num-args))]
+                                      (_.return (|> @self
+                                                    (_.do "call" (list arity-args))
+                                                    (_.do "call" (list output-func-args)))))])
+                             ## (|> @num-args (_.< arityO))
+                             (let [@missing (_.local "missing")]
+                               (_.return (_.lambda #.None (list (_.variadic @missing))
+                                              (_.return (|> @self
+                                                            (_.do "call" (list (_.splat (|> (_.array (list))
+                                                                                            (_.do "concat" (list @curried))
+                                                                                            (_.do "concat" (list @missing))))))))))))
+                     ))))
+    ))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/loop.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/loop.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91eb3eeb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/loop.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- Scope)
+   [abstract
+    ["." monad (#+ do)]]
+   [data
+    ["." product]
+    [text
+     format]
+    [collection
+     ["." list ("#@." functor)]]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   [runtime (#+ Operation Phase)]
+   ["#." case]
+   ["#/" //
+    ["#/" //
+     [//
+      [synthesis (#+ Scope Synthesis)]]]]])
+
+(def: #export (scope generate [start initsS+ bodyS])
+  (-> Phase (Scope Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [@loop (:: @ map (|>> %n (format "loop") _.local) ///.next)
+     initsO+ (monad.map @ generate initsS+)
+     bodyO (///.with-anchor @loop
+             (generate bodyS))]
+    (wrap (|> (_.return bodyO)
+              (_.lambda (#.Some @loop)
+                   (|> initsS+
+                       list.enumerate
+                       (list@map (|>> product.left (n/+ start) //case.register))))
+              (_.apply/* initsO+)))))
+
+(def: #export (recur generate argsS+)
+  (-> Phase (List Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (do ////.monad
+    [@scope ///.anchor
+     argsO+ (monad.map @ generate argsS+)]
+    (wrap (_.apply/* argsO+ @scope))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/primitive.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/primitive.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ec058ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/primitive.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- i64)
+   [control
+    [pipe (#+ cond> new>)]]
+   [data
+    [number
+     ["." frac]]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   ["#." runtime]])
+
+(def: #export bit
+  (-> Bit (Expression Any))
+  _.bool)
+
+(def: #export i64
+  (-> (I64 Any) (Expression Any))
+  (|>> .int _.int))
+
+(def: #export f64
+  (-> Frac (Expression Any))
+  _.float)
+
+(def: #export text
+  (-> Text (Expression Any))
+  _.string)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/reference.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/reference.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ff021863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/reference.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  [//
+   [//
+    ["." reference]]])
+
+(def: #export system
+  (reference.system (: (-> Text (Expression Any)) _.local)
+                    (: (-> Text (Expression Any)) _.local)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/runtime.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/runtime.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3dcbd8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/runtime.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux (#- inc)
+   [abstract
+    [monad (#+ do)]]
+   [control
+    ["." function]
+    ["p" parser]]
+   [data
+    [number (#+ hex)
+     ["." i64]]
+    ["." text
+     format]
+    [collection
+     ["." list ("#@." functor)]]]
+   ["." macro
+    ["." code]
+    ["s" syntax (#+ syntax:)]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression LVar Computation Literal Statement)]]]
+  ["." ///
+   ["//." //
+    [//
+     ["/////." name]
+     ["." synthesis]]]]
+  )
+
+(template [<name> <base>]
+  [(type: #export <name>
+     (<base> LVar (Expression Any) (Statement Any)))]
+
+  [Operation ///.Operation]
+  [Phase ///.Phase]
+  [Handler ///.Handler]
+  [Bundle ///.Bundle]
+  )
+
+(def: prefix Text "LuxRuntime")
+
+(def: #export unit (_.string synthesis.unit))
+
+(def: (flag value)
+  (-> Bit Literal)
+  (if value
+    (_.string "")
+    _.nil))
+
+(def: #export variant-tag-field "_lux_tag")
+(def: #export variant-flag-field "_lux_flag")
+(def: #export variant-value-field "_lux_value")
+
+(def: (variant' tag last? value)
+  (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Expression Any) Literal)
+  (_.hash (list [(_.string ..variant-tag-field) tag]
+                [(_.string ..variant-flag-field) last?]
+                [(_.string ..variant-value-field) value])))
+
+(def: #export (variant tag last? value)
+  (-> Nat Bit (Expression Any) Literal)
+  (variant' (_.int (.int tag)) (..flag last?) value))
+
+(def: #export none
+  Literal
+  (variant 0 #0 unit))
+
+(def: #export some
+  (-> (Expression Any) Literal)
+  (variant 1 #1))
+
+(def: #export left
+  (-> (Expression Any) Literal)
+  (variant 0 #0))
+
+(def: #export right
+  (-> (Expression Any) Literal)
+  (variant 1 #1))
+
+(def: runtime-name
+  (-> Text LVar)
+  (|>> /////name.normalize
+       (format ..prefix "_")
+       _.local))
+
+(def: (feature name definition)
+  (-> LVar (-> LVar (Statement Any)) (Statement Any))
+  (definition name))
+
+(syntax: #export (with-vars {vars (s.tuple (p.some s.local-identifier))}
+                   body)
+  (wrap (list (` (let [(~+ (|> vars
+                               (list@map (function (_ var)
+                                           (list (code.local-identifier var)
+                                                 (` (_.local (~ (code.text (/////name.normalize var))))))))
+                               list.concat))]
+                   (~ body))))))
+
+(syntax: (runtime: {declaration (p.or s.local-identifier
+                                      (s.form (p.and s.local-identifier
+                                                     (p.some s.local-identifier))))}
+           code)
+  (case declaration
+    (#.Left name)
+    (macro.with-gensyms [g!_]
+      (let [nameC (code.local-identifier name)
+            code-nameC (code.local-identifier (format "@" name))
+            runtime-nameC (` (runtime-name (~ (code.text name))))]
+        (wrap (list (` (def: #export (~ nameC) LVar (~ runtime-nameC)))
+                    (` (def: (~ code-nameC)
+                         (Statement Any)
+                         (..feature (~ runtime-nameC)
+                                    (function ((~ g!_) (~ nameC))
+                                      (~ code)))))))))
+    
+    (#.Right [name inputs])
+    (macro.with-gensyms [g!_]
+      (let [nameC (code.local-identifier name)
+            code-nameC (code.local-identifier (format "@" name))
+            runtime-nameC (` (runtime-name (~ (code.text name))))
+            inputsC (list@map code.local-identifier inputs)
+            inputs-typesC (list@map (function.constant (` (_.Expression Any)))
+                                    inputs)]
+        (wrap (list (` (def: #export ((~ nameC) (~+ inputsC))
+                         (-> (~+ inputs-typesC) (Computation Any))
+                         (_.apply/* (list (~+ inputsC)) (~ runtime-nameC))))
+                    (` (def: (~ code-nameC)
+                         (Statement Any)
+                         (..feature (~ runtime-nameC)
+                                    (function ((~ g!_) (~ g!_))
+                                      (..with-vars [(~+ inputsC)]
+                                        (_.function (~ g!_) (list (~+ inputsC))
+                                          (~ code)))))))))))))
+
+(def: tuple-size
+  (_.the "length"))
+
+(def: last-index
+  (|>> ..tuple-size (_.- (_.int +1))))
+
+(runtime: (tuple//left lefts tuple)
+  (with-vars [last-index-right]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list last-index-right) (..last-index tuple))
+        (_.if (_.> lefts last-index-right)
+          ## No need for recursion
+          (_.return (_.nth lefts tuple))
+          ## Needs recursion
+          (_.return (tuple//left (_.- last-index-right lefts)
+                                 (_.nth last-index-right tuple)))))))
+
+(runtime: (tuple//right lefts tuple)
+  (with-vars [last-index-right right-index]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list last-index-right) (..last-index tuple))
+        (_.set (list right-index) (_.+ (_.int +1) lefts))
+        (_.cond (list [(_.= right-index last-index-right)
+                       (_.return (_.nth right-index tuple))]
+                      [(_.> right-index last-index-right)
+                       ## Needs recursion.
+                       (_.return (tuple//right (_.- last-index-right lefts)
+                                               (_.nth last-index-right tuple)))])
+                (_.return (_.array-range right-index (..tuple-size tuple) tuple)))
+        )))
+
+(runtime: (sum//get sum wantsLast wantedTag)
+  (let [no-match! (_.return _.nil)
+        sum-tag (_.nth (_.int +0) sum)
+        sum-flag (_.nth (_.int +1) sum)
+        sum-value (_.nth (_.int +2) sum)
+        is-last? (_.= (_.string "") sum-flag)
+        test-recursion! (_.if is-last?
+                          ## Must recurse.
+                          (_.return (sum//get sum-value wantsLast (_.- sum-tag wantedTag)))
+                          no-match!)]
+    (_.cond (list [(_.= sum-tag wantedTag)
+                   (_.if (_.= wantsLast sum-flag)
+                     (_.return sum-value)
+                     test-recursion!)]
+
+                  [(_.> sum-tag wantedTag)
+                   test-recursion!]
+
+                  [(_.and (_.< sum-tag wantedTag)
+                          (_.= (_.string "") wantsLast))
+                   (_.return (variant' (_.- wantedTag sum-tag) sum-flag sum-value))])
+
+            no-match!)))
+
+(def: runtime//adt
+  (Statement Any)
+  ($_ _.then
+      @tuple//left
+      @tuple//right
+      @sum//get))
+
+(runtime: (lux//try risky)
+  (with-vars [error value]
+    (_.begin ($_ _.then
+                 (_.set (list value) (_.do "call" (list ..unit) risky))
+                 (_.return (..right value)))
+             (list [(list) error
+                    (_.return (..left (_.the "message" error)))]))))
+
+(runtime: (lux//program-args raw)
+  (with-vars [tail head]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list tail) ..none)
+        (<| (_.for-in head raw)
+            (_.set (list tail) (..some (_.array (list head tail)))))
+        (_.return tail))))
+
+(def: runtime//lux
+  (Statement Any)
+  ($_ _.then
+      @lux//try
+      @lux//program-args))
+
+(runtime: (i64//logic-right-shift param subject)
+  (let [mask (|> (_.int +1)
+                 (_.bit-shl (_.- param (_.int +64)))
+                 (_.- (_.int +1)))]
+    (_.return (|> subject
+                  (_.bit-shr param)
+                  (_.bit-and mask)))))
+
+(def: runtime//i64
+  (Statement Any)
+  @i64//logic-right-shift)
+
+(runtime: (f64//decode inputG)
+  (with-vars [@input @temp]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list @input) inputG)
+        (_.set (list @temp) (_.do "to_f" (list) @input))
+        (_.if ($_ _.or
+                  (_.not (_.= (_.float +0.0) @temp))
+                  (_.= (_.string "0") @input)
+                  (_.= (_.string ".0") @input)
+                  (_.= (_.string "0.0") @input))
+          (_.return (..some @temp))
+          (_.return ..none)))))
+
+(def: runtime//f64
+  (Statement Any)
+  @f64//decode)
+
+(runtime: (text//index subject param start)
+  (with-vars [idx]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list idx) (|> subject (_.do "index" (list param start))))
+        (_.if (_.= _.nil idx)
+          (_.return ..none)
+          (_.return (..some idx))))))
+
+(def: (within? top value)
+  (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
+  (_.and (|> value (_.>= (_.int +0)))
+         (|> value (_.< top))))
+
+(runtime: (text//clip @text @from @to)
+  (_.return (|> @text (_.array-range @from @to))))
+
+(runtime: (text//char idx text)
+  (_.if (|> idx (within? (_.the "length" text)))
+    (_.return (..some (|> text (_.array-range idx idx) (_.do "ord" (list)))))
+    (_.return ..none)))
+
+(def: runtime//text
+  (Statement Any)
+  ($_ _.then
+      @text//index
+      @text//clip
+      @text//char))
+
+(runtime: (array//get array idx)
+  (with-vars [temp]
+    ($_ _.then
+        (_.set (list temp) (_.nth idx array))
+        (_.if (_.= _.nil temp)
+          (_.return ..none)
+          (_.return (..some temp))))))
+
+(runtime: (array//put array idx value)
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.set (list (_.nth idx array)) value)
+      (_.return array)))
+
+(def: runtime//array
+  (Statement Any)
+  ($_ _.then
+      @array//get
+      @array//put))
+
+(runtime: (box//write value box)
+  ($_ _.then
+      (_.set (list (_.nth (_.int +0) box)) value)
+      (_.return ..unit)))
+
+(def: runtime//box
+  (Statement Any)
+  @box//write)
+
+(def: runtime
+  (Statement Any)
+  ($_ _.then
+      runtime//adt
+      runtime//lux
+      runtime//i64
+      runtime//f64
+      runtime//text
+      runtime//array
+      runtime//box
+      ))
+
+(def: #export artifact ..prefix)
+
+(def: #export generate
+  (Operation Any)
+  (///.with-buffer
+    (do ////.monad
+      [_ (///.save! ["" ..prefix] ..runtime)]
+      (///.save-buffer! ..artifact))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/structure.lux b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/structure.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3d3046c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/lux/tool/compiler/phase/generation/ruby/structure.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+(.module:
+  [lux #*
+   [abstract
+    ["." monad (#+ do)]]
+   [host
+    ["_" ruby (#+ Expression)]]]
+  ["." // #_
+   ["#." runtime (#+ Operation Phase)]
+   ["#." primitive]
+   ["#//" ///
+    ["#/" // #_
+     [analysis (#+ Variant Tuple)]
+     ["#." synthesis (#+ Synthesis)]]]])
+
+(def: #export (tuple generate elemsS+)
+  (-> Phase (Tuple Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (case elemsS+
+    #.Nil
+    (:: ////.monad wrap (//primitive.text /////synthesis.unit))
+
+    (#.Cons singletonS #.Nil)
+    (generate singletonS)
+
+    _
+    (|> elemsS+
+        (monad.map ////.monad generate)
+        (:: ////.monad map _.array))))
+
+(def: #export (variant generate [lefts right? valueS])
+  (-> Phase (Variant Synthesis) (Operation (Expression Any)))
+  (:: ////.monad map
+      (//runtime.variant (if right?
+                           (inc lefts)
+                           lefts)
+                         right?)
+      (generate valueS)))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux.lux
index 42f4c9f81..f73319739 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux.lux
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
                                           [structure (#+)]
                                           [reference (#+)]
                                           [case (#+)]
-                                          [loop (#+)]
                                           [function (#+)]
+                                          [loop (#+)]
                                           [extension (#+)
                                            [common (#+)]
                                            [host (#+)]])]
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
      [host
       [js (#+)]
       [python (#+)]
+      [ruby (#+)]
       [scheme (#+)]]
      [tool
       [compiler
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@
           <host-modules>]
          [python (#+)
           <host-modules>]
+         [ruby (#+)
+          <host-modules>]
          [scheme (#+)
           <host-modules>]]]]]
      ## [control
@@ -375,4 +378,7 @@
   (<| io
       _.run!
       (_.times 100)
+      ## (_.seed 16966479879996440699)
+      ## (_.seed 16140950815046933697)
+      ## (_.seed 8804587020128699091)
       ..test))