- Refactoring.

- Now giving type checking/inference a higher priority.
- Better error messages.

15 files changed, 481 insertions, 490 deletions

diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/case.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/case.lux
index b0098f7c2..5bf2e8ed1 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/case.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/case.lux
@@ -26,13 +26,14 @@
 (exception: #export Sum-Type-Has-No-Case)
 (exception: #export Unrecognized-Pattern-Syntax)
 (exception: #export Cannot-Simplify-Type-For-Pattern-Matching)
-(exception: #export Cannot-Apply-Type)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Have-Empty-Branches)
+(exception: #export Non-Exhaustive-Pattern-Matching)
+(exception: #export Symbols-Must-Be-Unqualified-Inside-Patterns)
 
 (def: (pattern-error type pattern)
   (-> Type Code Text)
-  (Cannot-Match-Type-With-Pattern
-   (format "   Type: " (%type type) "\n"
-           "Pattern: " (%code pattern))))
+  (format "   Type: " (%type type) "\n"
+          "Pattern: " (%code pattern)))
 
 ## Type-checking on the input value is done during the analysis of a
 ## "case" expression, to ensure that the patterns being used make
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@
                     [? (tc;concrete? funcT-id)]
                     (if ?
                       (tc;read funcT-id)
-                      (tc;throw Cannot-Apply-Type (%type caseT)))))]
+                      (tc;throw Cannot-Simplify-Type-For-Pattern-Matching (%type caseT)))))]
         (simplify-case-type (#;Apply inputT funcT')))
 
       _
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@
         (:: meta;Monad<Meta> wrap outputT)
 
         #;None
-        (&;throw Cannot-Apply-Type (%type caseT))))
+        (&;throw Cannot-Simplify-Type-For-Pattern-Matching (%type caseT))))
 
     _
     (:: meta;Monad<Meta> wrap caseT)))
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@
 
     [cursor (#;Symbol ident)]
     (&;with-cursor cursor
-      (&;fail (format "Symbols must be unqualified inside patterns: " (%ident ident))))
+      (&;throw Symbols-Must-Be-Unqualified-Inside-Patterns (%ident ident)))
 
     (^template [<type> <code-tag>]
       [cursor (<code-tag> test)]
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@
                      thenA])))
 
           _
-          (&;fail (pattern-error inputT pattern))
+          (&;throw Cannot-Match-Type-With-Pattern (pattern-error inputT pattern))
           )))
 
     [cursor (#;Record record)]
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@
                                "Type: " (%type inputT)))))
 
           _
-          (&;fail (pattern-error inputT pattern)))))
+          (&;throw Cannot-Match-Type-With-Pattern (pattern-error inputT pattern)))))
 
     (^ [cursor (#;Form (list& [_ (#;Tag tag)] values))])
     (&;with-cursor cursor
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@
   (-> &;Analyser Code (List [Code Code]) (Meta la;Analysis))
   (case branches
     #;Nil
-    (&;fail "Cannot have empty branches in pattern-matching expression.")
+    (&;throw Cannot-Have-Empty-Branches "")
 
     (#;Cons [patternH bodyH] branchesT)
     (do meta;Monad<Meta>
@@ -264,9 +265,8 @@
        outputTC (monad;map @ (|>. product;left coverageA;determine) outputT)
        _ (case (monad;fold e;Monad<Error> coverageA;merge outputHC outputTC)
            (#e;Success coverage)
-           (if (coverageA;exhaustive? coverage)
-             (wrap [])
-             (&;fail "Pattern-matching is not exhaustive."))
+           (&;assert Non-Exhaustive-Pattern-Matching ""
+                     (coverageA;exhaustive? coverage))
 
            (#e;Error error)
            (&;fail error))]
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/common.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/common.lux
index 4d16e4ae6..1eb2b8b37 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/common.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/common.lux
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
                 ["ex" exception #+ exception:])
        (data text/format
              [product])
-       [meta #+ Monad<Meta>]
+       [meta]
        (meta [type]
              (type ["tc" check])))
   (luxc ["&" base]
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 (def: #export (with-unknown-type action)
   (All [a] (-> (Meta Analysis) (Meta [Type Analysis])))
-  (do Monad<Meta>
+  (do meta;Monad<Meta>
     [[var-id var-type] (&;with-type-env
                          tc;var)
      analysis (&;with-expected-type var-type
@@ -21,13 +21,6 @@
                      (tc;clean var-id var-type))]
     (wrap [analysis-type analysis])))
 
-(def: #export (with-var body)
-  (All [a] (-> (-> [Nat Type] (Meta a)) (Meta a)))
-  (do Monad<Meta>
-    [[id var] (&;with-type-env
-                tc;var)]
-    (body [id var])))
-
 (exception: #export Variant-Tag-Out-Of-Bounds)
 
 (def: #export (variant-out-of-bounds-error type size tag)
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/expression.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/expression.lux
index 12256a4bf..248248010 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/expression.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/expression.lux
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 (exception: #export Macro-Expression-Must-Have-Single-Expansion)
 (exception: #export Unrecognized-Syntax)
+(exception: #export Macro-Expansion-Failed)
 
 (def: #export (analyser eval)
   (-> &;Eval &;Analyser)
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@
                                         (#e;Success [compiler' output])
 
                                         (#e;Error error)
-                                        ((&;fail error) compiler)))]
+                                        ((&;throw Macro-Expansion-Failed error) compiler)))]
                          (case expansion
                            (^ (list single))
                            (analyse single)
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/function.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/function.lux
index 42a021577..0bb46aba1 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/function.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/function.lux
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
             (recur value)
 
             #;None
-            (&;fail (format "Cannot apply type " (%type funT) " to  type " (%type argT))))
+            (&;throw Invalid-Function-Type (%type expectedT)))
           
           (#;UnivQ _)
           (do @
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@
             (recur (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))))
 
           (#;ExQ _)
-          (&common;with-var
-            (function [[var-id var]]
-              (recur (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT)))))
+          (do @
+            [[var-id var] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+            (recur (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))))
           
           (#;Var id)
           (do @
@@ -61,25 +61,23 @@
                               (tc;read id))]
                 (recur expectedT'))
               ## Inference
-              (&common;with-var
-                (function [[input-id inputT]]
-                  (&common;with-var
-                    (function [[output-id outputT]]
-                      (do @
-                        [#let [funT (#;Function inputT outputT)]
-                         funA (recur funT)
-                         funT' (&;with-type-env
-                                 (tc;clean output-id funT))
-                         concrete-input? (&;with-type-env
-                                           (tc;concrete? input-id))
-                         funT'' (if concrete-input?
-                                  (&;with-type-env
-                                    (tc;clean input-id funT'))
-                                  (wrap (type;univ-q +1 (&inference;replace-var input-id +1 funT'))))
-                         _ (&;with-type-env
-                             (tc;check expectedT funT''))]
-                        (wrap funA))
-                      ))))))
+              (do @
+                [[input-id inputT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+                 [output-id outputT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+                 #let [funT (#;Function inputT outputT)]
+                 funA (recur funT)
+                 funT' (&;with-type-env
+                         (tc;clean output-id funT))
+                 concrete-input? (&;with-type-env
+                                   (tc;concrete? input-id))
+                 funT'' (if concrete-input?
+                          (&;with-type-env
+                            (tc;clean input-id funT'))
+                          (wrap (type;univ-q +1 (&inference;replace-var input-id +1 funT'))))
+                 _ (&;with-type-env
+                     (tc;check expectedT funT''))]
+                (wrap funA))
+              ))
 
           (#;Function inputT outputT)
           (<| (:: @ map (function [[scope bodyA]]
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/inference.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/inference.lux
index e2866ac87..934ecafa5 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/inference.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/inference.lux
@@ -109,20 +109,19 @@
       (apply-function analyse unnamedT args)
 
       (#;UnivQ _)
-      (&common;with-var
-        (function [[var-id varT]]
-          (do Monad<Meta>
-            [[outputT argsA] (apply-function analyse (maybe;assume (type;apply (list varT) inferT)) args)]
-            (do @
-              [? (&;with-type-env
-                   (tc;concrete? var-id))
-               ## Quantify over the type if genericity/parametricity
-               ## is discovered.
-               outputT' (if ?
-                          (&;with-type-env
-                            (tc;clean var-id outputT))
-                          (wrap (type;univ-q +1 (replace-var var-id +1 outputT))))]
-              (wrap [outputT' argsA])))))
+      (do Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         [outputT argsA] (apply-function analyse (maybe;assume (type;apply (list varT) inferT)) args)]
+        (do @
+          [? (&;with-type-env
+               (tc;concrete? var-id))
+           ## Quantify over the type if genericity/parametricity
+           ## is discovered.
+           outputT' (if ?
+                      (&;with-type-env
+                        (tc;clean var-id outputT))
+                      (wrap (type;univ-q +1 (replace-var var-id +1 outputT))))]
+          (wrap [outputT' argsA])))
 
       (#;ExQ _)
       (do Monad<Meta>
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/primitive.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/primitive.lux
index c7f7243fd..bb1762f46 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/primitive.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/primitive.lux
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@
   [(def: #export (<name> value)
      (-> <type> (Meta Analysis))
      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-       [expected meta;expected-type
-        _ (&;with-type-env
-            (tc;check expected <type>))]
+       [_ (&;infer <type>)]
        (wrap (<tag> value))))]
 
   [analyse-bool Bool code;bool]
@@ -28,7 +26,5 @@
 (def: #export analyse-unit
   (Meta Analysis)
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-    [expected meta;expected-type
-     _ (&;with-type-env
-         (tc;check expected Unit))]
+    [_ (&;infer Unit)]
     (wrap (` []))))
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/common.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/common.lux
index 778e57b94..fff5de504 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/common.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/common.lux
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 (;module:
   lux
-  (lux (control [monad #+ do])
+  (lux (control [monad #+ do]
+                ["ex" exception #+ exception:])
        (concurrency [atom #+ Atom])
        (data [text]
              text/format
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@
                         [";A" case]
                         [";A" type]))))
 
+(exception: #export Incorrect-Procedure-Arity)
+
 ## [Utils]
 (type: #export Proc
   (-> &;Analyser &;Eval (List Code) (Meta la;Analysis)))
@@ -39,27 +42,25 @@
 
 (def: #export (wrong-arity proc expected actual)
   (-> Text Nat Nat Text)
-  (format "Wrong arity for " (%t proc) "\n"
-          "Expected: " (|> expected nat-to-int %i) "\n"
-          "  Actual: " (|> actual nat-to-int %i)))
+  (format "      Procedure: " (%t proc) "\n"
+          " Expected Arity: " (|> expected nat-to-int %i) "\n"
+          "   Actual Arity: " (|> actual nat-to-int %i)))
 
-(def: (simple proc input-types output-type)
+(def: (simple proc inputsT+ outputT)
   (-> Text (List Type) Type Proc)
-  (let [num-expected (list;size input-types)]
+  (let [num-expected (list;size inputsT+)]
     (function [analyse eval args]
       (let [num-actual (list;size args)]
         (if (n.= num-expected num-actual)
           (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [argsA (monad;map @
+            [_ (&;infer outputT)
+             argsA (monad;map @
                               (function [[argT argC]]
                                 (&;with-expected-type argT
                                   (analyse argC)))
-                              (list;zip2 input-types args))
-             expected meta;expected-type
-             _ (&;with-type-env
-                 (tc;check expected output-type))]
+                              (list;zip2 inputsT+ args))]
             (wrap (la;procedure proc argsA)))
-          (&;fail (wrong-arity proc num-expected num-actual)))))))
+          (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc num-expected num-actual)))))))
 
 (def: #export (nullary valueT proc)
   (-> Type Text Proc)
@@ -82,71 +83,60 @@
 (def: (lux-is proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((binary varT varT Bool proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((binary varT varT Bool proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 ## "lux try" provides a simple way to interact with the host platform's
 ## error-handling facilities.
 (def: (lux-try proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list opC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [opA (&;with-expected-type (type (io;IO varT))
-                   (analyse opC))
-             outputT (&;with-type-env
-                       (tc;clean var-id (type (Either Text varT))))
-             expected meta;expected-type
-             _ (&;with-type-env
-                 (tc;check expected outputT))]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list opA))))
-          
-          _
-          (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list opC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         _ (&;infer (type (Either Text varT)))
+         opA (&;with-expected-type (type (io;IO varT))
+               (analyse opC))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list opA))))
+      
+      _
+      (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (lux//function proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list [_ (#;Symbol ["" func-name])]
-                   [_ (#;Symbol ["" arg-name])]
-                   body))
-          (functionA;analyse-function analyse func-name arg-name body)
-          
-          _
-          (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list [_ (#;Symbol ["" func-name])]
+               [_ (#;Symbol ["" arg-name])]
+               body))
+      (functionA;analyse-function analyse func-name arg-name body)
+      
+      _
+      (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (lux//case proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list input [_ (#;Record branches)]))
-          (caseA;analyse-case analyse input branches)
-          
-          _
-          (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list input [_ (#;Record branches)]))
+      (caseA;analyse-case analyse input branches)
+      
+      _
+      (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
 
 (do-template [<name> <analyser>]
   [(def: (<name> proc)
      (-> Text Proc)
      (function [analyse eval args]
-       (&common;with-var
-         (function [[var-id varT]]
-           (case args
-             (^ (list typeC valueC))
-             (<analyser> analyse eval typeC valueC)
-             
-             _
-             (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))))]
+       (case args
+         (^ (list typeC valueC))
+         (<analyser> analyse eval typeC valueC)
+         
+         _
+         (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))]
 
   [lux//check typeA;analyse-check]
   [lux//coerce typeA;analyse-coerce])
@@ -193,15 +183,13 @@
     (case args
       (^ (list valueC))
       (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-        [valueA (&;with-expected-type Type
-                  (analyse valueC))
-         expected meta;expected-type
-         _ (&;with-type-env
-             (tc;check expected Type))]
+        [_ (&;infer (type Type))
+         valueA (&;with-expected-type Type
+                  (analyse valueC))]
         (wrap valueA))
       
       _
-      (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: lux-procs
   Bundle
@@ -326,26 +314,26 @@
 (def: (array-get proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((binary Nat (type (Array varT)) varT proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((binary Nat (type (Array varT)) varT proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 (def: (array-put proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((trinary Nat varT (type (Array varT)) (type (Array varT)) proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((trinary Nat varT (type (Array varT)) (type (Array varT)) proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 (def: (array-remove proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((binary Nat (type (Array varT)) (type (Array varT)) proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((binary Nat (type (Array varT)) (type (Array varT)) proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 (def: array-procs
   Bundle
@@ -385,38 +373,33 @@
 (def: (atom-new proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list initC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [initA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                     (analyse initC))
-             outputT (&;with-type-env
-                       (tc;clean var-id (type (Atom varT))))
-             expected meta;expected-type
-             _ (&;with-type-env
-                 (tc;check expected outputT))]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list initA))))
-          
-          _
-          (&;fail (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list initC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         _ (&;infer (type (Atom varT)))
+         initA (&;with-expected-type varT
+                 (analyse initC))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list initA))))
+      
+      _
+      (&;throw Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (atom-read proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((unary (type (Atom varT)) varT proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((unary (type (Atom varT)) varT proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 (def: (atom-compare-and-swap proc)
   (-> Text Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        ((trinary varT varT (type (Atom varT)) Bool proc)
-         analyse eval args)))))
+    (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+      [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)]
+      ((trinary varT varT (type (Atom varT)) Bool proc)
+       analyse eval args))))
 
 (def: atom-procs
   Bundle
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/host.jvm.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/host.jvm.lux
index 3ba7713ac..fa10a7a1c 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/host.jvm.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/procedure/host.jvm.lux
@@ -28,6 +28,49 @@
   ["@" ../common]
   )
 
+(exception: #export Wrong-Syntax)
+(def: (wrong-syntax procedure args)
+  (-> Text (List Code) Text)
+  (format "Procedure: " procedure "\n"
+          "Arguments: " (%code (code;tuple args))))
+
+(exception: #export JVM-Type-Is-Not-Class)
+
+(exception: #export Non-Interface)
+(exception: #export Non-Object)
+(exception: #export Non-Array)
+(exception: #export Non-Throwable)
+(exception: #export Non-JVM-Type)
+
+(exception: #export Unknown-Class)
+(exception: #export Primitives-Cannot-Have-Type-Parameters)
+(exception: #export Primitives-Are-Not-Objects)
+(exception: #export Invalid-Type-For-Array-Element)
+
+(exception: #export Unknown-Field)
+(exception: #export Mistaken-Field-Owner)
+(exception: #export Not-Virtual-Field)
+(exception: #export Not-Static-Field)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Set-Final-Field)
+
+(exception: #export No-Candidates)
+(exception: #export Too-Many-Candidates)
+
+(exception: #export Cannot-Cast)
+(def: (cannot-cast to from)
+  (-> Type Type Text)
+  (format "From: " (%type from) "\n"
+          "  To: " (%type to)))
+
+(exception: #export Cannot-Possibly-Be-Instance)
+
+(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Class)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Parameter)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Lux-Type)
+(exception: #export Unknown-Type-Var)
+(exception: #export Type-Parameter-Mismatch)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Correspond-Type-With-Class)
+
 (def: #export null-class Text "#Null")
 
 (do-template [<name> <class>]
@@ -149,22 +192,17 @@
 (def: (array-length proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list arrayC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
-                      (analyse arrayC))
-             _ (&;infer Nat)]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list arrayA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))))
-
-(def: (invalid-array-type arrayT)
-  (-> Type Text)
-  (format "Invalid type for array: " (%type arrayT)))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list arrayC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [_ (&;infer Nat)
+         [var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
+                  (analyse arrayC))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list arrayA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (array-new proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -185,7 +223,7 @@
                                      (recur outputT level)
 
                                      #;None
-                                     (&;fail (invalid-array-type expectedT)))
+                                     (&;throw Non-Array (%type expectedT)))
 
                                    (^ (#;Primitive "#Array" (list elemT)))
                                    (recur elemT (n.inc level))
@@ -194,15 +232,14 @@
                                    (wrap [level class])
                                    
                                    _
-                                   (&;fail (invalid-array-type expectedT)))))
-         _ (&;assert "Must have at least 1 level of nesting in array type."
-                     (n.> +0 level))]
+                                   (&;throw Non-Array (%type expectedT)))))
+         _ (if (n.> +0 level)
+             (wrap [])
+             (&;throw Non-Array (%type expectedT)))]
         (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;nat (n.dec level)) (code;text elem-class) lengthA))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
-
-(exception: #export Not-Object-Type)
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (check-jvm objectT)
   (-> Type (Meta Text))
@@ -228,81 +265,77 @@
       (check-jvm outputT)
 
       #;None
-      (&;throw Not-Object-Type (%type objectT)))
+      (&;throw Non-Object (%type objectT)))
 
     _
-    (&;throw Not-Object-Type (%type objectT))))
+    (&;throw Non-Object (%type objectT))))
 
 (def: (check-object objectT)
   (-> Type (Meta Text))
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
     [name (check-jvm objectT)]
     (if (dict;contains? name boxes)
-      (&;fail (format "Primitives are not objects: " name))
-      (:: meta;Monad<Meta> wrap name))))
+      (&;throw Primitives-Are-Not-Objects name)
+      (meta/wrap name))))
 
 (def: (box-array-element-type elemT)
   (-> Type (Meta [Type Text]))
-  (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-    []
-    (case elemT
-      (#;Primitive name #;Nil)
-      (let [boxed-name (|> (dict;get name boxes)
-                           (maybe;default name))]
-        (wrap [(#;Primitive boxed-name #;Nil)
-               boxed-name]))
-
-      (#;Primitive name _)
-      (if (dict;contains? name boxes)
-        (&;fail (format "Primitives cannot be parameterized: " name))
-        (:: meta;Monad<Meta> wrap [elemT name]))
+  (case elemT
+    (#;Primitive name #;Nil)
+    (let [boxed-name (|> (dict;get name boxes)
+                         (maybe;default name))]
+      (meta/wrap [(#;Primitive boxed-name #;Nil)
+                  boxed-name]))
 
-      _
-      (&;fail (format "Invalid type for array element: " (%type elemT))))))
+    (#;Primitive name _)
+    (if (dict;contains? name boxes)
+      (&;throw Primitives-Cannot-Have-Type-Parameters name)
+      (meta/wrap [elemT name]))
+
+    _
+    (&;throw Invalid-Type-For-Array-Element (%type elemT))))
 
 (def: (array-read proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list arrayC idxC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
-                      (analyse arrayC))
-             elemT (&;with-type-env
-                     (tc;read var-id))
-             [elemT elem-class] (box-array-element-type elemT)
-             idxA (&;with-expected-type Nat
-                    (analyse idxC))
-             _ (&;infer elemT)]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text elem-class) idxA arrayA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list arrayC idxC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         _ (&;infer varT)
+         arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
+                  (analyse arrayC))
+         elemT (&;with-type-env
+                 (tc;read var-id))
+         [elemT elem-class] (box-array-element-type elemT)
+         idxA (&;with-expected-type Nat
+                (analyse idxC))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text elem-class) idxA arrayA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (array-write proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list arrayC idxC valueC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
-                      (analyse arrayC))
-             elemT (&;with-type-env
-                     (tc;read var-id))
-             [valueT elem-class] (box-array-element-type elemT)
-             idxA (&;with-expected-type Nat
-                    (analyse idxC))
-             valueA (&;with-expected-type valueT
-                      (analyse valueC))
-             _ (&;infer (type (Array elemT)))]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text elem-class) idxA valueA arrayA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list arrayC idxC valueC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         _ (&;infer (type (Array varT)))
+         arrayA (&;with-expected-type (type (Array varT))
+                  (analyse arrayC))
+         elemT (&;with-type-env
+                 (tc;read var-id))
+         [valueT elem-class] (box-array-element-type elemT)
+         idxA (&;with-expected-type Nat
+                (analyse idxC))
+         valueA (&;with-expected-type valueT
+                  (analyse valueC))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text elem-class) idxA valueA arrayA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: array-procs
   @;Bundle
@@ -325,45 +358,43 @@
         (wrap (la;procedure proc (list))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +0 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +0 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (object-null? proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list objectC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [objectA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                       (analyse objectC))
-             objectT (&;with-type-env
-                       (tc;read var-id))
-             _ (check-object objectT)
-             _ (&;infer Bool)]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list objectA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list objectC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [_ (&;infer Bool)
+         [var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         objectA (&;with-expected-type varT
+                   (analyse objectC))
+         objectT (&;with-type-env
+                   (tc;read var-id))
+         _ (check-object objectT)]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list objectA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (object-synchronized proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list monitorC exprC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [monitorA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                        (analyse monitorC))
-             monitorT (&;with-type-env
-                        (tc;read var-id))
-             _ (check-object monitorT)
-             exprA (analyse exprC)]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list monitorA exprA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list monitorC exprC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         monitorA (&;with-expected-type varT
+                    (analyse monitorC))
+         monitorT (&;with-type-env
+                    (tc;read var-id))
+         _ (check-object monitorT)
+         exprA (analyse exprC)]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list monitorA exprA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
 
 (host;import java.lang.Object
   (equals [Object] boolean))
@@ -436,7 +467,7 @@
       (wrap class)
 
       (#e;Error error)
-      (&;fail (format "Unknown class: " name)))))
+      (&;throw Unknown-Class name))))
 
 (def: (sub-class? super sub)
   (-> Text Text (Meta Bool))
@@ -445,31 +476,28 @@
      sub (load-class sub)]
     (wrap (Class.isAssignableFrom [sub] super))))
 
-(exception: #export Not-Throwable)
-
 (def: (object-throw proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list exceptionC))
-          (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-            [exceptionA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                          (analyse exceptionC))
-             exceptionT (&;with-type-env
-                          (tc;read var-id))
-             exception-class (check-object exceptionT)
-             ? (sub-class? "java.lang.Throwable" exception-class)
-             _ (: (Meta Unit)
-                  (if ?
-                    (wrap [])
-                    (&;throw Not-Throwable exception-class)))
-             _ (&;infer Bottom)]
-            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list exceptionA))))
-
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list exceptionC))
+      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+        [_ (&;infer Bottom)
+         [var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+         exceptionA (&;with-expected-type varT
+                      (analyse exceptionC))
+         exceptionT (&;with-type-env
+                      (tc;read var-id))
+         exception-class (check-object exceptionT)
+         ? (sub-class? "java.lang.Throwable" exception-class)
+         _ (: (Meta Unit)
+              (if ?
+                (wrap [])
+                (&;throw Non-Throwable exception-class)))]
+        (wrap (la;procedure proc (list exceptionA))))
+
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (object-class proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -479,45 +507,38 @@
       (case classC
         [_ (#;Text class)]
         (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-          [_ (load-class class)
-           _ (&;infer (#;Primitive "java.lang.Class" (list (#;Primitive class (list)))))]
+          [_ (&;infer (#;Primitive "java.lang.Class" (list (#;Primitive class (list)))))
+           _ (load-class class)]
           (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text class)))))
 
         _
-        (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
-
-(exception: #export Cannot-Be-Instance)
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +1 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (object-instance? proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
   (function [analyse eval args]
-    (&common;with-var
-      (function [[var-id varT]]
-        (case args
-          (^ (list classC objectC))
-          (case classC
-            [_ (#;Text class)]
-            (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-              [objectA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                         (analyse objectC))
-               objectT (&;with-type-env
-                         (tc;read var-id))
-               object-class (check-object objectT)
-               ? (sub-class? class object-class)]
-              (if ?
-                (do @
-                  [_ (&;infer Bool)]
-                  (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text class)))))
-                (&;throw Cannot-Be-Instance (format object-class " !<= "  class))))
+    (case args
+      (^ (list classC objectC))
+      (case classC
+        [_ (#;Text class)]
+        (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+          [_ (&;infer Bool)
+           [objectT objectA] (&common;with-unknown-type
+                               (analyse objectC))
+           object-class (check-object objectT)
+           ? (sub-class? class object-class)]
+          (if ?
+            (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text class))))
+            (&;throw Cannot-Possibly-Be-Instance (format object-class " !<= "  class))))
 
-            _
-            (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        _
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
-          _
-          (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))))
+      _
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: object-procs
   @;Bundle
@@ -531,14 +552,6 @@
           (@;install "instance?" object-instance?)
           )))
 
-(exception: #export Final-Field)
-
-(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Class)
-(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Parameter)
-(exception: #export Cannot-Convert-To-Lux-Type)
-(exception: #export Cannot-Cast-To-Primitive)
-(exception: #export JVM-Type-Is-Not-Class)
-
 (def: type-descriptor
   (-> java.lang.reflect.Type Text)
   (java.lang.reflect.Type.getTypeName []))
@@ -554,8 +567,6 @@
         ## else
         (&;throw Cannot-Convert-To-Class (type-descriptor type))))
 
-(exception: #export Unknown-Type-Var)
-
 (type: Mappings
   (Dict Text Type))
 
@@ -634,18 +645,29 @@
   (case type
     (#;Primitive name params)
     (let [class-name (Class.getName [] class)
-          class-params (array;to-list (Class.getTypeParameters [] class))]
-      (if (text/= class-name name)
-        (if (n.= (list;size class-params)
-                 (list;size params))
-          (meta/wrap (|> params
-                         (list;zip2 (list/map (TypeVariable.getName []) class-params))
-                         (dict;from-list text;Hash<Text>)))
-          (&;fail (format "Class and host-type parameters do not match: " "class = " class-name " | host type = " name)))
-        (&;fail (format "Class and host-type names do not match: " "class = " class-name " | host type = " name))))
+          class-params (array;to-list (Class.getTypeParameters [] class))
+          num-class-params (list;size class-params)
+          num-type-params (list;size params)]
+      (cond (not (text/= class-name name))
+            (&;throw Cannot-Correspond-Type-With-Class
+                     (format "Class = " class-name "\n"
+                             "Type = " (%type type)))
+
+            (not (n.= num-class-params num-type-params))
+            (&;throw Type-Parameter-Mismatch
+                     (format "Expected: " (%i (nat-to-int num-class-params)) "\n"
+                             "  Actual: " (%i (nat-to-int num-type-params)) "\n"
+                             "   Class: " class-name "\n"
+                             "    Type: " (%type type)))
+
+            ## else
+            (meta/wrap (|> params
+                           (list;zip2 (list/map (TypeVariable.getName []) class-params))
+                           (dict;from-list text;Hash<Text>)))
+            ))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Not a host type: " (%type type)))))
+    (&;throw Non-JVM-Type (%type type))))
 
 (def: (cast direction to from)
   (-> Direction Type Type (Meta [Text Type]))
@@ -656,7 +678,7 @@
           (let [box (maybe;assume (dict;get to-name boxes))]
             (if (text/= box from-name)
               (wrap [(choose direction to-name from-name) (#;Primitive to-name (list))])
-              (&;throw Cannot-Cast-To-Primitive (format from-name " => " to-name))))
+              (&;throw Cannot-Cast (cannot-cast to from))))
 
           (dict;contains? from-name boxes)
           (let [box (maybe;assume (dict;get from-name boxes))]
@@ -674,7 +696,7 @@
           (do @
             [to-class (load-class to-name)
              from-class (load-class from-name)
-             _ (&;assert (format "Class '" from-name "' is not a sub-class of class '" to-name "'.")
+             _ (&;assert Cannot-Cast (cannot-cast to from)
                          (Class.isAssignableFrom [from-class] to-class))
              candiate-parents (monad;map @
                                          (function [java-type]
@@ -695,7 +717,7 @@
                 (wrap [(choose direction to-name from-name) castT]))
 
               #;Nil
-              (&;fail (format "No valid path between " (%type from) "and " (%type to) ".")))))))
+              (&;throw Cannot-Cast (cannot-cast to from)))))))
 
 (def: (infer-out outputT)
   (-> Type (Meta [Text Type]))
@@ -715,11 +737,13 @@
       (let [owner (Field.getDeclaringClass [] field)]
         (if (is owner class)
           (wrap [class field])
-          (&;fail (format "Field '" field-name "' does not belong to class '" class-name "'.\n"
-                          "Belongs to '" (Class.getName [] owner) "'."))))
+          (&;throw Mistaken-Field-Owner
+                   (format "       Field: " field-name "\n"
+                           " Owner Class: " (Class.getName [] owner) "\n"
+                           "Target Class: " class-name "\n"))))
 
       (#e;Error _)
-      (&;fail (format "Unknown field '" field-name "' for class '" class-name "'.")))))
+      (&;throw Unknown-Field (format class-name "#" field-name)))))
 
 (def: (static-field class-name field-name)
   (-> Text Text (Meta [Type Bool]))
@@ -731,9 +755,7 @@
         (do @
           [fieldT (java-type-to-lux-type fresh-mappings fieldJT)]
           (wrap [fieldT (Modifier.isFinal [modifiers])])))
-      (&;fail (format "Field '" field-name "' of class '" class-name "' is not static.")))))
-
-(exception: #export Non-Object-Type)
+      (&;throw Not-Static-Field (format class-name "#" field-name)))))
 
 (def: (virtual-field class-name field-name objectT)
   (-> Text Text Type (Meta [Type Bool]))
@@ -753,44 +775,48 @@
                        (do @
                          [#let [num-params (list;size _class-params)
                                 num-vars (list;size var-names)]
-                          _ (&;assert (format "Number of paremeters in type does not match expected amount (" (%n num-vars) "): " (%type objectT))
+                          _ (&;assert Type-Parameter-Mismatch
+                                      (format "Expected: " (%i (nat-to-int num-params)) "\n"
+                                              "  Actual: " (%i (nat-to-int num-vars)) "\n"
+                                              "   Class: " _class-name "\n"
+                                              "    Type: " (%type objectT))
                                       (n.= num-params num-vars))]
                          (wrap (|> (list;zip2 var-names _class-params)
                                    (dict;from-list text;Hash<Text>))))
 
                        _
-                       (&;throw Non-Object-Type (%type objectT))))
+                       (&;throw Non-Object (%type objectT))))
          fieldT (java-type-to-lux-type mappings fieldJT)]
         (wrap [fieldT (Modifier.isFinal [modifiers])]))
-      (&;fail (format "Field '" field-name "' of class '" class-name "' is static.")))))
+      (&;throw Not-Virtual-Field (format class-name "#" field-name)))))
 
 (def: (analyse-object class analyse sourceC)
   (-> Text &;Analyser Code (Meta [Type la;Analysis]))
-  (<| &common;with-var (function [[var-id varT]])
-      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-        [target-class (load-class class)
-         targetT (java-type-to-lux-type fresh-mappings
-                                        (:! java.lang.reflect.Type
-                                            target-class))
-         sourceA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                   (analyse sourceC))
-         sourceT (&;with-type-env
-                   (tc;read var-id))
-         [unboxed castT] (cast #Out targetT sourceT)
-         _ (&;assert (format "Object cannot be a primitive: " unboxed)
-                     (not (dict;contains? unboxed boxes)))]
-        (wrap [castT sourceA]))))
+  (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+    [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+     target-class (load-class class)
+     targetT (java-type-to-lux-type fresh-mappings
+                                    (:! java.lang.reflect.Type
+                                        target-class))
+     sourceA (&;with-expected-type varT
+               (analyse sourceC))
+     sourceT (&;with-type-env
+               (tc;read var-id))
+     [unboxed castT] (cast #Out targetT sourceT)
+     _ (&;assert Cannot-Cast (cannot-cast targetT sourceT)
+                 (not (dict;contains? unboxed boxes)))]
+    (wrap [castT sourceA])))
 
 (def: (analyse-input analyse targetT sourceC)
   (-> &;Analyser Type Code (Meta [Type Text la;Analysis]))
-  (<| &common;with-var (function [[var-id varT]])
-      (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-        [sourceA (&;with-expected-type varT
-                   (analyse sourceC))
-         sourceT (&;with-type-env
-                   (tc;read var-id))
-         [unboxed castT] (cast #In targetT sourceT)]
-        (wrap [castT unboxed sourceA]))))
+  (do meta;Monad<Meta>
+    [[var-id varT] (&;with-type-env tc;var)
+     sourceA (&;with-expected-type varT
+               (analyse sourceC))
+     sourceT (&;with-type-env
+               (tc;read var-id))
+     [unboxed castT] (cast #In targetT sourceT)]
+    (wrap [castT unboxed sourceA])))
 
 (def: (static-get proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -806,10 +832,10 @@
                                          (code;text unboxed)))))
 
         _
-        (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +2 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (static-put proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -819,21 +845,21 @@
       (case [classC fieldC]
         [[_ (#;Text class)] [_ (#;Text field)]]
         (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-          [[fieldT final?] (static-field class field)
-           _ (&;assert (Final-Field (format class "#" field))
+          [_ (&;infer Unit)
+           [fieldT final?] (static-field class field)
+           _ (&;assert Cannot-Set-Final-Field (format class "#" field)
                        (not final?))
            [valueT unboxed valueA] (analyse-input analyse fieldT valueC)
            _ (&;with-type-env
-               (tc;check fieldT valueT))
-           _ (&;infer Unit)]
+               (tc;check fieldT valueT))]
           (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text class) (code;text field)
                                          (code;text unboxed) valueA))))
 
         _
-        (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (virtual-get proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -850,10 +876,10 @@
                                          (code;text unboxed) objectA))))
 
         _
-        (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +3 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (virtual-put proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -864,20 +890,18 @@
         [[_ (#;Text class)] [_ (#;Text field)]]
         (do meta;Monad<Meta>
           [[objectT objectA] (analyse-object class analyse objectC)
+           _ (&;infer objectT)
            [fieldT final?] (virtual-field class field objectT)
-           _ (&;assert (Final-Field (format class "#" field))
+           _ (&;assert Cannot-Set-Final-Field (format class "#" field)
                        (not final?))
-           [valueT unboxed valueA] (analyse-input analyse fieldT valueC)
-           _ (&;with-type-env
-               (tc;check fieldT valueT))
-           _ (&;infer objectT)]
+           [valueT unboxed valueA] (analyse-input analyse fieldT valueC)]
           (wrap (la;procedure proc (list (code;text class) (code;text field) (code;text unboxed) valueA objectA))))
 
         _
-        (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))
+        (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (@;wrong-arity proc +4 (list;size args))))))
+      (&;throw @;Incorrect-Procedure-Arity (@;wrong-arity proc +4 (list;size args))))))
 
 (def: (java-type-to-parameter type)
   (-> java.lang.reflect.Type (Meta Text))
@@ -1007,9 +1031,6 @@
                          outputT)]]
       (wrap [methodT exceptionsT]))))
 
-(exception: #export No-Candidate-Method)
-(exception: #export Too-Many-Candidate-Methods)
-
 (def: (methods class-name method-name method-type arg-classes)
   (-> Text Text Method-Type (List Text) (Meta [Type (List Type)]))
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
@@ -1023,13 +1044,13 @@
                                      (wrap [passes? method])))))]
     (case (list;filter product;left candidates)
       #;Nil
-      (&;throw No-Candidate-Method (format class-name "#" method-name))
+      (&;throw No-Candidates (format class-name "#" method-name))
       
       (#;Cons candidate #;Nil)
       (|> candidate product;right (method-to-type method-type))
 
       _
-      (&;throw Too-Many-Candidate-Methods (format class-name "#" method-name)))))
+      (&;throw Too-Many-Candidates (format class-name "#" method-name)))))
 
 (def: (constructor-to-type constructor)
   (-> (Constructor Object) (Meta [Type (List Type)]))
@@ -1066,9 +1087,6 @@
                               objectT)]]
       (wrap [constructorT exceptionsT]))))
 
-(exception: #export No-Candidate-Constructor)
-(exception: #export Too-Many-Candidate-Constructors)
-
 (def: (constructor-methods class-name arg-classes)
   (-> Text (List Text) (Meta [Type (List Type)]))
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
@@ -1082,13 +1100,13 @@
                                      (wrap [passes? constructor])))))]
     (case (list;filter product;left candidates)
       #;Nil
-      (&;throw No-Candidate-Constructor (format class-name "(" (text;join-with ", " arg-classes) ")"))
+      (&;throw No-Candidates (format class-name "(" (text;join-with ", " arg-classes) ")"))
       
       (#;Cons candidate #;Nil)
       (|> candidate product;right constructor-to-type)
 
       _
-      (&;throw Too-Many-Candidate-Constructors class-name))))
+      (&;throw Too-Many-Candidates class-name))))
 
 (def: (decorate-inputs typesT inputsA)
   (-> (List Text) (List la;Analysis) (List la;Analysis))
@@ -1122,7 +1140,7 @@
                                         (code;text unboxed) (decorate-inputs argsT argsA)))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))))
+      (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))))
 
 (def: (invoke//virtual proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -1145,7 +1163,7 @@
                                         (code;text unboxed) objectA (decorate-inputs argsT argsA)))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))))
+      (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))))
 
 (def: (invoke//special proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -1162,9 +1180,7 @@
                                         (code;text unboxed) (decorate-inputs argsT argsA)))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))))
-
-(exception: #export Not-Interface)
+      (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))))
 
 (def: (invoke//interface proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -1175,7 +1191,7 @@
       (do meta;Monad<Meta>
         [#let [argsT (list/map product;left argsTC)]
          class (load-class class-name)
-         _ (&;assert (Not-Interface class-name)
+         _ (&;assert Non-Interface class-name
                      (Modifier.isInterface [(Class.getModifiers [] class)]))
          [methodT exceptionsT] (methods class-name method #Interface argsT)
          [outputT argsA] (&inference;apply-function (sub-type-analyser analyse) methodT (list& objectC (list/map product;right argsTC)))
@@ -1185,7 +1201,7 @@
                                    (decorate-inputs argsT argsA)))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))))
+      (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))))
 
 (def: (invoke//constructor proc)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -1201,7 +1217,7 @@
         (wrap (la;procedure proc (list& (code;text class) (decorate-inputs argsT argsA)))))
 
       _
-      (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'.")))))
+      (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc args)))))
 
 (def: member-procs
   @;Bundle
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/reference.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/reference.lux
index 5bc1f96c9..ef02919f4 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/reference.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/reference.lux
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@
   (-> Ident (Meta Analysis))
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
     [actualT (meta;find-def-type def-name)
-     expectedT meta;expected-type
-     _ (&;with-type-env
-         (tc;check expectedT actualT))]
+     _ (&;infer actualT)]
     (wrap (code;symbol def-name))))
 
 (def: (analyse-variable var-name)
@@ -26,9 +24,7 @@
     (case ?var
       (#;Some [actualT ref])
       (do @
-        [expectedT meta;expected-type
-         _ (&;with-type-env
-             (tc;check expectedT actualT))]
+        [_ (&;infer actualT)]
         (wrap (#;Some (` ((~ (code;int (variableL;from-ref ref))))))))
 
       #;None
@@ -41,8 +37,8 @@
     (do meta;Monad<Meta>
       [?var (analyse-variable simple-name)]
       (case ?var
-        (#;Some analysis)
-        (wrap analysis)
+        (#;Some varA)
+        (wrap varA)
 
         #;None
         (do @
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/structure.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/structure.lux
index 9308fcfef..b7047e105 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/structure.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/analysis/structure.lux
@@ -26,14 +26,13 @@
 
 (exception: #export Not-Variant-Type)
 (exception: #export Not-Tuple-Type)
-(exception: #export Cannot-Infer-Numeric-Tag)
-
-(type: Type-Error
-  (-> Type Text))
+(exception: #export Not-Quantified-Type)
 
-(def: (not-quantified type)
-  Type-Error
-  (format "Not a quantified type: " (%type type)))
+(exception: #export Cannot-Infer-Numeric-Tag)
+(exception: #export Record-Keys-Must-Be-Tags)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Repeat-Tag)
+(exception: #export Tag-Does-Not-Belong-To-Record)
+(exception: #export Record-Size-Mismatch)
 
 (def: #export (analyse-sum analyse tag valueC)
   (-> &;Analyser Nat Code (Meta la;Analysis))
@@ -79,23 +78,19 @@
                                                       "Value: " (%code  valueC) "\n"
                                                       " Type: " (%type expectedT)))))
 
-        (#;UnivQ _)
-        (do @
-          [[var-id var] (&;with-type-env
-                          tc;existential)]
-          (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))
-            (analyse-sum analyse tag valueC)))
-
-        (#;ExQ _)
-        (&common;with-var
-          (function [[var-id var]]
-            (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))
+        (^template [<tag> <instancer>]
+          (<tag> _)
+          (do @
+            [[instance-id instanceT] (&;with-type-env <instancer>)]
+            (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list instanceT) expectedT))
               (analyse-sum analyse tag valueC))))
+        ([#;UnivQ tc;existential]
+         [#;ExQ tc;var])
 
         (#;Apply inputT funT)
         (case (type;apply (list inputT) funT)
           #;None
-          (&;fail (not-quantified funT))
+          (&;throw Not-Quantified-Type (%type funT))
           
           (#;Some outputT)
           (&;with-expected-type outputT
@@ -188,23 +183,19 @@
                              (type;tuple (list/map product;left membersTA))))]
               (wrap (la;product (list/map product;right membersTA))))))
 
-        (#;UnivQ _)
-        (do @
-          [[var-id var] (&;with-type-env
-                          tc;existential)]
-          (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))
-            (analyse-product analyse membersC)))
-
-        (#;ExQ _)
-        (&common;with-var
-          (function [[var-id var]]
-            (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list var) expectedT))
+        (^template [<tag> <instancer>]
+          (<tag> _)
+          (do @
+            [[instance-id instanceT] (&;with-type-env <instancer>)]
+            (&;with-expected-type (maybe;assume (type;apply (list instanceT) expectedT))
               (analyse-product analyse membersC))))
+        ([#;UnivQ tc;existential]
+         [#;ExQ tc;var])
 
         (#;Apply inputT funT)
         (case (type;apply (list inputT) funT)
           #;None
-          (&;fail (not-quantified funT))
+          (&;throw Not-Quantified-Type (%type funT))
           
           (#;Some outputT)
           (&;with-expected-type outputT
@@ -248,7 +239,8 @@
                    (wrap [key val]))
 
                  _
-                 (&;fail (format "Cannot use non-tag tokens in key positions in records: " (%code key)))))
+                 (&;throw Record-Keys-Must-Be-Tags (format "   Key: " (%code key) "\n"
+                                                           "Record: " (%code (code;record record))))))
              record))
 
 ## Lux already possesses the means to analyse tuples, so
@@ -269,10 +261,10 @@
              size-ts (list;size tag-set)]
        _ (if (n.= size-ts size-record)
            (wrap [])
-           (&;fail (format "Record size does not match tag-set size." "\n"
-                           "Expected: " (|> size-ts nat-to-int %i) "\n"
-                           "  Actual: " (|> size-record nat-to-int %i) "\n"
-                           "For type: " (%type recordT))))
+           (&;throw Record-Size-Mismatch
+                    (format "Expected: " (|> size-ts nat-to-int %i) "\n"
+                            "  Actual: " (|> size-record nat-to-int %i) "\n"
+                            "   Type: " (%type recordT))))
        #let [tuple-range (list;n.range +0 (n.dec size-ts))
              tag->idx (dict;from-list ident;Hash<Ident> (list;zip2 tag-set tuple-range))]
        idx->val (monad;fold @
@@ -281,12 +273,17 @@
                                 [key (meta;normalize key)]
                                 (case (dict;get key tag->idx)
                                   #;None
-                                  (&;fail (format "Tag " (%code (code;tag key))
-                                                  " does not belong to tag-set for type " (%type recordT)))
+                                  (&;throw Tag-Does-Not-Belong-To-Record
+                                           (format " Tag: " (%code (code;tag key)) "\n"
+                                                   "Type: " (%type recordT)))
 
                                   (#;Some idx)
                                   (if (dict;contains? idx idx->val)
-                                    (&;fail (format "Cannot repeat tag inside record: " (%code (code;tag key))))
+                                    (&;throw Cannot-Repeat-Tag
+                                             (format "   Tag: " (%code (code;tag key)) "\n"
+                                                     "Record: " (%code (code;record (list/map (function [[keyI valC]]
+                                                                                                [(code;tag keyI) valC])
+                                                                                              record)))))
                                     (wrap (dict;put idx val idx->val))))))
                             (: (Dict Nat Code)
                                (dict;new number;Hash<Nat>))
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation.lux
index c4ebf3642..cf3137aff 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation.lux
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
   (&;Analyser)
   (expressionA;analyser &eval;eval))
 
+(exception: #export Macro-Expansion-Failed)
 (exception: #export Unrecognized-Statement)
 
 (def: (translate code)
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@
                          (#e;Success [compiler' output])
 
                          (#e;Error error)
-                         ((&;fail error) compiler)))
+                         ((&;throw Macro-Expansion-Failed error) compiler)))
            _ (monad;map @ translate expansion)]
           (wrap []))
         (&;throw Unrecognized-Statement (%code code))))
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure.jvm.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure.jvm.lux
index 82b7c5d44..733f630d5 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure.jvm.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure.jvm.lux
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 (def: #export (translate-procedure translate name args)
   (-> (-> ls;Synthesis (Meta $;Inst)) Text (List ls;Synthesis)
       (Meta $;Inst))
-  (<| (maybe;default (&;throw Unknown-Procedure name))
+  (<| (maybe;default (&;throw Unknown-Procedure (%t name)))
       (do maybe;Monad<Maybe>
         [proc (dict;get name procedures)]
         (wrap (proc translate args)))))
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure/host.jvm.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure/host.jvm.lux
index 7168514c1..a5e06aac3 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure/host.jvm.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/procedure/host.jvm.lux
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
                    ["l" lexer])
              (coll [list "list/" Functor<List>]
                    [dict #+ Dict]))
-       [meta #+ with-gensyms "meta/" Monad<Meta>]
+       [meta "meta/" Monad<Meta>]
        (meta [code]
              ["s" syntax #+ syntax:])
        [host])
@@ -25,6 +25,15 @@
               ["ls" synthesis]))
   ["@" ../common])
 
+(exception: #export Wrong-Syntax)
+(def: (wrong-syntax procedure args)
+  (-> Text (List ls;Synthesis) Text)
+  (format "Procedure: " procedure "\n"
+          "Arguments: " (%code (code;tuple args))))
+
+(exception: #export Invalid-Syntax-For-JVM-Type)
+(exception: #export Invalid-Syntax-For-Argument-Generation)
+
 (do-template [<name> <inst>]
   [(def: <name>
      $;Inst
@@ -295,7 +304,7 @@
                  ($i;array arrayJT))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (array//read proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -321,7 +330,7 @@
                  loadI)))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (array//write proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -350,7 +359,7 @@
                  storeI)))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: array-procs
   @;Bundle
@@ -406,7 +415,7 @@
                                   false))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (object//instance? proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -419,7 +428,7 @@
                  ($i;wrap #$;Boolean))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: object-procs
   @;Bundle
@@ -470,7 +479,7 @@
         (wrap ($i;GETSTATIC class field ($t;class unboxed (list))))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (static//put proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -502,7 +511,7 @@
                    ($i;string hostL;unit)))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (virtual//get proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -533,7 +542,7 @@
                    ($i;GETFIELD class field ($t;class unboxed (list)))))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: (virtual//put proc translate inputs)
   (-> Text @;Proc)
@@ -570,9 +579,7 @@
                    ($i;PUTFIELD class field ($t;class unboxed (list)))))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
-
-(exception: #export Invalid-Syntax-For-Argument-Generation)
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: base-type
   (l;Lexer $;Type)
@@ -601,7 +608,7 @@
   (-> Text (Meta $;Type))
   (case (l;run argD java-type)
     (#e;Error error)
-    (&;fail error)
+    (&;throw Invalid-Syntax-For-JVM-Type argD)
 
     (#e;Success type)
     (meta/wrap type)))
@@ -647,7 +654,7 @@
     (meta/wrap #;None)
 
     _
-    (:: meta;Monad<Meta> map (|>. #;Some) (translate-type description))))
+    (meta/map (|>. #;Some) (translate-type description))))
 
 (def: (prepare-return returnT returnI)
   (-> (Maybe $;Type) $;Inst $;Inst)
@@ -679,7 +686,7 @@
       (wrap (prepare-return returnT callI)))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (do-template [<name> <invoke> <interface?>]
   [(def: (<name> proc translate inputs)
@@ -700,7 +707,7 @@
          (wrap (prepare-return returnT callI)))
 
        _
-       (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))]
+       (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))]
 
   [invoke//virtual $i;INVOKEVIRTUAL false]
   [invoke//special $i;INVOKESPECIAL false]
@@ -721,7 +728,7 @@
                                    false))))
 
     _
-    (&;fail (format "Wrong syntax for '" proc "'."))))
+    (&;throw Wrong-Syntax (wrong-syntax proc inputs))))
 
 (def: member-procs
   @;Bundle
@@ -741,8 +748,7 @@
                               (@;install "virtual" invoke//virtual)
                               (@;install "special" invoke//special)
                               (@;install "interface" invoke//interface)
-                              (@;install "constructor" invoke//constructor)
-                              )))
+                              (@;install "constructor" invoke//constructor))))
           )))
 
 (def: #export procedures
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/statement.jvm.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/statement.jvm.lux
index feb64c293..2a2173fa9 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/statement.jvm.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/statement.jvm.lux
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
                            [";T" common]))))
 
 (exception: #export Invalid-Definition-Value)
+(exception: #export Cannot-Evaluate-Definition)
 
 (host;import java.lang.Object
   (toString [] String))
@@ -56,13 +57,16 @@
                        [field (Class.getField [commonT;value-field] class)]
                        (Field.get [#;None] field))
                  (#e;Success #;None)
-                 (&;throw Invalid-Definition-Value (format current-module ";" def-name))
+                 (&;throw Invalid-Definition-Value (%ident [current-module def-name]))
                  
                  (#e;Success (#;Some valueV))
                  (wrap valueV)
                  
                  (#e;Error error)
-                 (&;fail error)))
+                 (&;throw Cannot-Evaluate-Definition
+                          (format "Definition: " (%ident [current-module def-name]) "\n"
+                                  "Error:\n"
+                                  error))))
      _ (&module;define [current-module def-name] [valueT metaV valueV])
      _ (if (meta;type? metaV)
          (case (meta;declared-tags metaV)
@@ -77,6 +81,4 @@
 
 (def: #export (translate-program program-args programI)
   (-> Text $;Inst (Meta Unit))
-  (do meta;Monad<Meta>
-    []
-    (&;fail "'lux program' is unimplemented.")))
+  (&;fail "\"lux program\" is unimplemented."))
diff --git a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/structure.jvm.lux b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/structure.jvm.lux
index 3ef03ac2c..68219b87c 100644
--- a/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/structure.jvm.lux
+++ b/new-luxc/source/luxc/lang/translation/structure.jvm.lux
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 (;module:
   lux
-  (lux (control [monad #+ do])
+  (lux (control [monad #+ do]
+                ["ex" exception #+ exception:])
        (data text/format
              (coll [list]))
        [meta]
@@ -16,13 +17,15 @@
               (translation [";T" common])))
   [../runtime])
 
+(exception: #export Not-A-Tuple)
+
 (def: $Object $;Type ($t;class "java.lang.Object" (list)))
 
 (def: #export (translate-tuple translate members)
   (-> (-> ls;Synthesis (Meta $;Inst)) (List ls;Synthesis) (Meta $;Inst))
   (do meta;Monad<Meta>
     [#let [size (list;size members)]
-     _ (&;assert "Cannot translate tuples with less than 2 elements."
+     _ (&;assert Not-A-Tuple (%code (` [(~@ members)]))
                  (n.>= +2 size))
      membersI (|> members
                   list;enumerate