Optimizations for the pure-Lux JVM compiler. [Part 2]

12 files changed, 724 insertions, 590 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 0b6b8cbbd..40d60ba10 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ aedifex.jar
 /lux-jvm/RELEASE
 /lux-jvm/target
 /lux-jvm/source/library
+/lux-jvm/source/unsafe
 /lux-jvm/source/program
 /lux-jvm/source/spec
 
 /lux-js/RELEASE
 /lux-js/target
 /lux-js/source/library
+/lux-js/source/unsafe
 /lux-js/source/program
 /lux-js/source/spec
 /lux-js/node_based_compiler.js
@@ -36,18 +38,21 @@ aedifex.jar
 /lux-python/RELEASE
 /lux-python/target
 /lux-python/source/library
+/lux-python/source/unsafe
 /lux-python/source/program
 /lux-python/source/spec
 
 /lux-lua/RELEASE
 /lux-lua/target
 /lux-lua/source/library
+/lux-lua/source/unsafe
 /lux-lua/source/program
 /lux-lua/source/spec
 
 /lux-ruby/RELEASE
 /lux-ruby/target
 /lux-ruby/source/library
+/lux-ruby/source/unsafe
 /lux-ruby/source/program
 /lux-ruby/source/spec
 
@@ -56,25 +61,19 @@ aedifex.jar
 
 /lux-php/target
 /lux-php/source/library
-/lux-php/source/lux
+/lux-php/source/unsafe
 /lux-php/source/program
 /lux-php/source/spec
 
 /lux-cl/target
-/lux-cl/source/lux.lux
-/lux-cl/source/lux
 /lux-cl/source/program
 /lux-cl/source/spec
 
 /lux-scheme/target
-/lux-scheme/source/lux.lux
-/lux-scheme/source/lux
 /lux-scheme/source/program
 /lux-scheme/source/spec
 
 /lux-r/target
-/lux-r/source/lux.lux
-/lux-r/source/lux
 /lux-r/source/program
 /lux-r/source/spec
 
diff --git a/documentation/bookmark/concurrency/lock_free_programming.md b/documentation/bookmark/concurrency/lock_free_programming.md
index 902dbb360..1ee123951 100644
--- a/documentation/bookmark/concurrency/lock_free_programming.md
+++ b/documentation/bookmark/concurrency/lock_free_programming.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # Reference
 
+0. [Design and Implementation of Highly Scalable Quantifiable Data Structures in C++ - CppCon 2021](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECWsLj0pgbI)
 0. [Building a Lock-free Multi-producer, Multi-consumer Queue for Tcmalloc - Matt Kulukundis - CppCon 21](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qaKkHuHYE0)
 0. [Fear and Loathing in Lock-Free Programming](https://medium.com/@tylerneely/fear-and-loathing-in-lock-free-programming-7158b1cdd50c)
 0. [Transactional Memory: Architectural Support for Lock-Free Data Structures](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.491.1948&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
diff --git a/lux-php/source/lux.lux b/lux-php/source/lux.lux
deleted file mode 120000
index 73d05a22e..000000000
--- a/lux-php/source/lux.lux
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/home/eduardoejp/lux/stdlib/source/lux.lux
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/data/binary.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/data/binary.lux
index 4eb32df1b..479c7d7a1 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/data/binary.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/data/binary.lux
@@ -1,372 +1,137 @@
 (.using
-  [library
-   [lux {"-" i64}
-    ["@" target]
-    ["[0]" ffi]
-    [abstract
-     [monad {"+" do}]
-     [equivalence {"+" Equivalence}]
-     [monoid {"+" Monoid}]]
-    [control
-     ["[0]" maybe]
-     ["[0]" try {"+" Try}]
-     ["[0]" exception {"+" exception:}]]
-    [data
-     [text
-      ["%" format {"+" format}]]
-     [collection
-      ["[0]" array]]]
-    [math
-     [number {"+" hex}
-      ["n" nat]
-      ["f" frac]
-      ["[0]" i64]]]]])
-
-(exception: .public (index_out_of_bounds [size Nat
-                                          index Nat])
-  (exception.report
-   ["Size" (%.nat size)]
-   ["Index" (%.nat index)]))
-
-(exception: .public (slice_out_of_bounds [size Nat
-                                          offset Nat
-                                          length Nat])
-  (exception.report
-   ["Size" (%.nat size)]
-   ["Offset" (%.nat offset)]
-   ["Length" (%.nat length)]))
-
-(with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is (type: .public Binary
-                                 (ffi.type [byte]))
-
-                               (ffi.import: java/lang/Object)
-                               
-                               (ffi.import: java/lang/System
-                                 ["[1]::[0]"
-                                  ("static" arraycopy [java/lang/Object int java/lang/Object int int] "try" void)])
-
-                               (ffi.import: java/util/Arrays
-                                 ["[1]::[0]"
-                                  ("static" copyOfRange [[byte] int int] [byte])
-                                  ("static" equals [[byte] [byte]] boolean)])
-
-                               (def: byte_mask
-                                 I64
-                                 (|> i64.bits_per_byte i64.mask .i64))
-
-                               (def: i64
-                                 (-> (Primitive "java.lang.Byte") I64)
-                                 (|>> ffi.byte_to_long (:as I64) (i64.and ..byte_mask)))
-
-                               (def: byte
-                                 (-> (I64 Any) (Primitive "java.lang.Byte"))
-                                 (for [@.old
-                                       (|>> .int ffi.long_to_byte)
-
-                                       @.jvm
-                                       (|>> .int (:as (Primitive "java.lang.Long")) ffi.long_to_byte)])))]
-  (for [@.old (as_is <jvm>)
-        @.jvm (as_is <jvm>)
-
-        @.js
-        (as_is (ffi.import: ArrayBuffer
-                 ["[1]::[0]"
-                  (new [ffi.Number])])
-               
-               (ffi.import: Uint8Array
-                 ["[1]::[0]"
-                  (new [ArrayBuffer])
-                  (length ffi.Number)])
-               
-               (type: .public Binary
-                 Uint8Array))
-
-        @.python
-        (type: .public Binary
-          (Primitive "bytearray"))
-
-        @.scheme
-        (as_is (type: .public Binary
-                 (Primitive "bytevector"))
-               
-               (ffi.import: (make-bytevector [Nat] Binary))
-               (ffi.import: (bytevector-u8-ref [Binary Nat] I64))
-               (ffi.import: (bytevector-u8-set! [Binary Nat (I64 Any)] Any))
-               (ffi.import: (bytevector-length [Binary] Nat)))]
-
-       ... Default
-       (type: .public Binary
-         (array.Array (I64 Any)))))
-
-(template: (!size binary)
-  [(for [@.old (ffi.length binary)
-         @.jvm (ffi.length binary)
-
-         @.js
-         (|> binary
-             Uint8Array::length
-             f.nat)
-
-         @.python
-         (|> binary
-             (:as (array.Array (I64 Any)))
-             "python array length")
-
-         @.scheme
-         (..bytevector-length [binary])]
-
-        ... Default
-        (array.size binary))])
-
-(template: (!read index binary)
-  [(for [@.old (..i64 (ffi.read! index binary))
-         @.jvm (..i64 (ffi.read! index binary))
-
-         @.js
-         (|> binary
-             (: ..Binary)
-             (:as (array.Array .Frac))
-             ("js array read" index)
-             f.nat
-             .i64)
-
-         @.python
-         (|> binary
-             (:as (array.Array .I64))
-             ("python array read" index))
-
-         @.scheme
-         (..bytevector-u8-ref [binary index])]
-
-        ... Default
-        (|> binary
-            (array.read! index)
-            (maybe.else (: (I64 Any) 0))
-            (:as I64)))])
-
-(template: (!!write <byte_type> <post> <write> index value binary)
-  [(|> binary
-       (: ..Binary)
-       (:as (array.Array <byte_type>))
-       (<write> index (|> value .nat (n.% (hex "100")) <post>))
-       (:as ..Binary))])
-
-(template: (!write index value binary)
-  [(for [@.old (ffi.write! index (..byte value) binary)
-         @.jvm (ffi.write! index (..byte value) binary)
-
-         @.js (!!write .Frac n.frac "js array write" index value binary)
-         @.python (!!write (I64 Any) (:as (I64 Any)) "python array write" index value binary)
-         @.scheme (exec (..bytevector-u8-set! [binary index value])
-                    binary)]
-
-        ... Default
-        (array.write! index (|> value .nat (n.% (hex "100"))) binary))])
+ [library
+  [lux "*"
+   ["@" target]
+   ["[0]" ffi]
+   [abstract
+    [equivalence {"+" Equivalence}]
+    [monoid {"+" Monoid}]]
+   [control
+    ["[0]" try {"+" Try}]
+    ["[0]" exception {"+" exception:}]]
+   [data
+    [text
+     ["%" format]]
+    [collection
+     ["[0]" array]]]
+   [math
+    [number
+     ["n" nat]]]]]
+ ["[0]" / "_"
+  ["[1]" \\unsafe]])
+
+(type: .public Binary
+  /.Binary)
 
 (def: .public size
   (-> Binary Nat)
-  (|>> !size))
+  (|>> /.size))
 
 (def: .public (empty size)
   (-> Nat Binary)
-  (for [@.old (ffi.array byte size)
-        @.jvm (ffi.array byte size)
-
-        @.js
-        (|> size n.frac ArrayBuffer::new Uint8Array::new)
-
-        @.python
-        (|> size
-            ("python apply" (:as ffi.Function ("python constant" "bytearray")))
-            (:as Binary))
-
-        @.scheme
-        (..make-bytevector size)]
+  (/.empty size))
 
-       ... Default
-       (array.empty size)))
-
-(def: .public (aggregate f init binary)
+(def: .public (aggregate $ init it)
   (All (_ a) (-> (-> I64 a a) a Binary a))
-  (let [size (..!size binary)]
+  (let [size (/.size it)]
     (loop [index 0
            output init]
       (if (n.< size index)
-        (again (++ index) (f (!read index binary) output))
+        (again (++ index) ($ (/.bytes/1 index it) output))
         output))))
 
-(def: .public (read/8! index binary)
-  (-> Nat Binary (Try I64))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) index)
-    {try.#Success (!read index binary)}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (read/16! index binary)
-  (-> Nat Binary (Try I64))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 1 index))
-    {try.#Success ($_ i64.or
-                      (i64.left_shifted 8 (!read index binary))
-                      (!read (n.+ 1 index) binary))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (read/32! index binary)
-  (-> Nat Binary (Try I64))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 3 index))
-    {try.#Success ($_ i64.or
-                      (i64.left_shifted 24 (!read index binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 16 (!read (n.+ 1 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 8 (!read (n.+ 2 index) binary))
-                      (!read (n.+ 3 index) binary))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (read/64! index binary)
-  (-> Nat Binary (Try I64))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 7 index))
-    {try.#Success ($_ i64.or
-                      (i64.left_shifted 56 (!read index binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 48 (!read (n.+ 1 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 40 (!read (n.+ 2 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 32 (!read (n.+ 3 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 24 (!read (n.+ 4 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 16 (!read (n.+ 5 index) binary))
-                      (i64.left_shifted 8 (!read (n.+ 6 index) binary))
-                      (!read (n.+ 7 index) binary))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (write/8! index value binary)
-  (-> Nat (I64 Any) Binary (Try Binary))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) index)
-    {try.#Success (|> binary
-                      (!write index value))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (write/16! index value binary)
-  (-> Nat (I64 Any) Binary (Try Binary))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 1 index))
-    {try.#Success (|> binary
-                      (!write index (i64.right_shifted 8 value))
-                      (!write (n.+ 1 index) value))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
-
-(def: .public (write/32! index value binary)
-  (-> Nat (I64 Any) Binary (Try Binary))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 3 index))
-    {try.#Success (|> binary
-                      (!write index (i64.right_shifted 24 value))
-                      (!write (n.+ 1 index) (i64.right_shifted 16 value))
-                      (!write (n.+ 2 index) (i64.right_shifted 8 value))
-                      (!write (n.+ 3 index) value))}
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
+(exception: .public (index_out_of_bounds [size Nat
+                                          index Nat])
+  (exception.report
+   ["Size" (%.nat size)]
+   ["Index" (%.nat index)]))
 
-(def: .public (write/64! index value binary)
-  (-> Nat (I64 Any) Binary (Try Binary))
-  (if (n.< (..!size binary) (n.+ 7 index))
-    (for [@.scheme (let [write_high (|>> (!write index (i64.right_shifted 56 value))
-                                         (!write (n.+ 1 index) (i64.right_shifted 48 value))
-                                         (!write (n.+ 2 index) (i64.right_shifted 40 value))
-                                         (!write (n.+ 3 index) (i64.right_shifted 32 value)))
-                         write_low (|>> (!write (n.+ 4 index) (i64.right_shifted 24 value))
-                                        (!write (n.+ 5 index) (i64.right_shifted 16 value))
-                                        (!write (n.+ 6 index) (i64.right_shifted 8 value))
-                                        (!write (n.+ 7 index) value))]
-                     (|> binary write_high write_low {try.#Success}))]
-         {try.#Success (|> binary
-                           (!write index (i64.right_shifted 56 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 1 index) (i64.right_shifted 48 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 2 index) (i64.right_shifted 40 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 3 index) (i64.right_shifted 32 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 4 index) (i64.right_shifted 24 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 5 index) (i64.right_shifted 16 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 6 index) (i64.right_shifted 8 value))
-                           (!write (n.+ 7 index) value))})
-    (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(..!size binary) index])))
+(template [<safe> <unsafe> <shift>]
+  [(def: .public (<safe> index it)
+     (-> Nat Binary (Try I64))
+     (if (n.< (/.size it) (|> index <shift>))
+       {try.#Success (<unsafe> index it)}
+       (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(/.size it) index])))]
+
+  [read/8! /.bytes/1 (|>)]
+  [read/16! /.bytes/2 (n.+ 1)]
+  [read/32! /.bytes/4 (n.+ 3)]
+  [read/64! /.bytes/8 (n.+ 7)]
+  )
+
+(template [<safe> <unsafe> <shift>]
+  [(def: .public (<safe> index value it)
+     (-> Nat (I64 Any) Binary (Try Binary))
+     (if (n.< (/.size it) (|> index <shift>))
+       {try.#Success (<unsafe> index value it)}
+       (exception.except ..index_out_of_bounds [(/.size it) index])))]
+
+  [write/8! /.with/1! (|>)]
+  [write/16! /.with/2! (n.+ 1)]
+  [write/32! /.with/4! (n.+ 3)]
+  [write/64! /.with/8! (n.+ 7)]
+  )
 
 (implementation: .public equivalence
   (Equivalence Binary)
   
   (def: (= reference sample)
-    (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/Arrays::equals reference sample)]
-      (for [@.old <jvm>
-            @.jvm <jvm>]
-           (let [limit (!size reference)]
-             (and (n.= limit
-                       (!size sample))
-                  (loop [index 0]
-                    (if (n.< limit index)
-                      (and (n.= (!read index reference)
-                                (!read index sample))
-                           (again (++ index)))
-                      true))))))))
+    (/.= reference sample)))
 
-(for [@.old (as_is)
-      @.jvm (as_is)]
-
-     ... Default
-     (exception: .public (cannot_copy_bytes [bytes Nat
-                                             source_input Nat
-                                             target_output Nat])
-       (exception.report
-        ["Bytes" (%.nat bytes)]
-        ["Source input space" (%.nat source_input)]
-        ["Target output space" (%.nat target_output)])))
+(exception: .public (cannot_copy_bytes [bytes Nat
+                                        source_input Nat
+                                        target_output Nat])
+  (exception.report
+   ["Bytes" (%.nat bytes)]
+   ["Source input space" (%.nat source_input)]
+   ["Target output space" (%.nat target_output)]))
 
 (def: .public (copy bytes source_offset source target_offset target)
   (-> Nat Nat Binary Nat Binary (Try Binary))
-  (with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is (do try.monad
-                                   [_ (java/lang/System::arraycopy source (.int source_offset) target (.int target_offset) (.int bytes))]
-                                   (in target)))]
-    (for [@.old <jvm>
-          @.jvm <jvm>]
-         
-         ... Default
-         (let [source_input (n.- source_offset (!size source))
-               target_output (n.- target_offset (!size target))]
-           (if (n.> source_input bytes)
-             (exception.except ..cannot_copy_bytes [bytes source_input target_output])
-             (loop [index 0]
-               (if (n.< bytes index)
-                 (exec (!write (n.+ target_offset index)
-                               (!read (n.+ source_offset index) source)
-                               target)
-                   (again (++ index)))
-                 {try.#Success target})))))))
+  (let [source_input (n.- source_offset (/.size source))]
+    (if (n.< bytes source_input)
+      (let [target_output (n.- target_offset (/.size target))]
+        (exception.except ..cannot_copy_bytes [bytes source_input target_output]))
+      {try.#Success (/.copy! bytes source_offset source target_offset target)})))
+
+(exception: .public (slice_out_of_bounds [size Nat
+                                          offset Nat
+                                          length Nat])
+  (exception.report
+   ["Size" (%.nat size)]
+   ["Offset" (%.nat offset)]
+   ["Length" (%.nat length)]))
 
 (def: .public (slice offset length binary)
   (-> Nat Nat Binary (Try Binary))
-  (let [size (..!size binary)
+  (let [size (/.size binary)
         limit (n.+ length offset)]
-    (if (n.> size limit)
+    (if (n.< limit size)
       (exception.except ..slice_out_of_bounds [size offset length])
-      (with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is {try.#Success (java/util/Arrays::copyOfRange binary (.int offset) (.int limit))})]
-        (for [@.old <jvm>
-              @.jvm <jvm>]
-             
-             ... Default
-             (..copy length offset binary 0 (..empty length)))))))
+      {try.#Success (/.slice offset length binary)})))
 
 (def: .public (after bytes binary)
   (-> Nat Binary Binary)
-  (case bytes
-    0 binary
-    _ (let [distance (n.- bytes (..!size binary))]
-        (case (..slice bytes distance binary)
-          {try.#Success slice}
-          slice
-          
-          {try.#Failure _}
-          (..empty 0)))))
+  (cond (n.= 0 bytes)
+        binary
+
+        (n.< bytes (/.size binary))
+        (/.empty 0)
+
+        ... else
+        (/.slice bytes (n.- bytes (/.size binary)) binary)))
 
 (implementation: .public monoid
   (Monoid Binary)
 
   (def: identity
-    (..empty 0))
+    (/.empty 0))
 
   (def: (composite left right)
-    (let [sizeL (!size left)
-          sizeR (!size right)
-          output (..empty (n.+ sizeL sizeR))]
+    (let [sizeL (/.size left)
+          sizeR (/.size right)
+          output (/.empty (n.+ sizeL sizeR))]
       (exec
-        (..copy sizeL 0 left 0 output)
-        (..copy sizeR 0 right sizeL output)
+        (/.copy! sizeL 0 left 0 output)
+        (/.copy! sizeR 0 right sizeL output)
         output))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode.lux
index 5c70611bf..4cdd42299 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode.lux
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@
         {try.#Success [state' [relative ($ it)]]}
         
         ... {try.#Failure error}
-        it
-        (:expected it)))))
+        failure
+        (:expected failure)))))
 
 (implementation: .public monad
   (Monad Bytecode)
@@ -232,12 +232,12 @@
           {try.#Success [state'' [(relative#composite left right) it]]}
           
           ... {try.#Failure error}
-          it
-          (:expected it))
+          failure
+          (:expected failure))
         
         ... {try.#Failure error}
-        it
-        (:expected it)))))
+        failure
+        (:expected failure)))))
 
 (def: .public (when_continuous it)
   (-> (Bytecode Any) (Bytecode Any))
@@ -1148,9 +1148,9 @@
         {try.#Success [state'' [(relative#composite left right) it]]}
 
         ... {try.#Failure error}
-        it
-        it)
+        failure
+        failure)
       
       ... {try.#Failure error}
-      it
-      (:expected it))))
+      failure
+      (:expected failure))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode/instruction.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode/instruction.lux
index c422dd1c2..4f371461a 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode/instruction.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/jvm/bytecode/instruction.lux
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 (.using
  [library
   [lux "*"
+   [ffi {"+"}]
    [abstract
     [monad {"+" do}]
     [monoid {"+" Monoid}]]
@@ -9,7 +10,9 @@
     ["[0]" try]]
    [data
     ["[0]" product]
-    ["[0]" binary]
+    ["[0]" binary "_"
+     [/ {"+"}]
+     ["[1]" \\unsafe]]
     ["[0]" format "_"
      ["[1]" binary {"+" Mutation Specification}]]
     [collection
@@ -76,8 +79,7 @@
   (function (_ [offset binary])
     [(n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size)
           offset)
-     (try.trusted
-      (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary))]))
+     (binary.with/1! offset opcode binary)]))
 
 (def: nullary
   [Estimator (-> Opcode Instruction)]
@@ -105,12 +107,10 @@
        (-> Opcode <inputT> Mutation)
        (function (_ [offset binary])
          [(n.+ (///unsigned.value <shift>) offset)
-          (try.trusted
-           (do try.monad
-             [_ (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary)]
-             (<writer> (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
-                       (<unwrap> input0)
-                       binary)))]))
+          (|> binary
+              (binary.with/1! offset opcode)
+              (<writer> (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                        (<unwrap> input0)))]))
 
      (def: <name>
        [Estimator (-> Opcode <inputT> Instruction)]
@@ -119,10 +119,10 @@
           [(n.+ (///unsigned.value <shift>) size)
            (|>> mutation ((<private> opcode input0)))])]))]
 
-  [..size/1 unary/1 U1 binary.write/8! ///unsigned.value]
-  [..size/2 unary/2 U2 binary.write/16! ///unsigned.value]
-  [..size/2 jump/2 Jump binary.write/16! ///signed.value]
-  [..size/4 jump/4 Big_Jump binary.write/32! ///signed.value]
+  [..size/1 unary/1 U1 binary.with/1! ///unsigned.value]
+  [..size/2 unary/2 U2 binary.with/2! ///unsigned.value]
+  [..size/2 jump/2 Jump binary.with/2! ///signed.value]
+  [..size/4 jump/4 Big_Jump binary.with/4! ///signed.value]
   )
 
 (template [<shift> <name> <inputT> <writer>]
@@ -131,12 +131,10 @@
        (-> Opcode <inputT> Mutation)
        (function (_ [offset binary])
          [(n.+ (///unsigned.value <shift>) offset)
-          (try.trusted
-           (do try.monad
-             [_ (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary)]
-             (<writer> (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
-                       (///signed.value input0)
-                       binary)))]))
+          (|> binary
+              (binary.with/1! offset opcode)
+              (<writer> (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                        (///signed.value input0)))]))
 
      (def: <name>
        [Estimator (-> Opcode <inputT> Instruction)]
@@ -145,8 +143,8 @@
           [(n.+ (///unsigned.value <shift>) size)
            (|>> mutation ((<private> opcode input0)))])]))]
 
-  [..size/1 unary/1' S1 binary.write/8!]
-  [..size/2 unary/2' S2 binary.write/16!]
+  [..size/1 unary/1' S1 binary.with/1!]
+  [..size/2 unary/2' S2 binary.with/2!]
   )
 
 (def: size/11
@@ -159,15 +157,12 @@
   (-> Opcode U1 U1 Mutation)
   (function (_ [offset binary])
     [(n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/11) offset)
-     (try.trusted
-      (do try.monad
-        [_ (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary)
-         _ (binary.write/8! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
-                            (///unsigned.value input0)
-                            binary)]
-        (binary.write/8! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/1) offset)
-                         (///unsigned.value input1)
-                         binary)))]))
+     (|> binary
+         (binary.with/1! offset opcode)
+         (binary.with/1! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input0))
+         (binary.with/1! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/1) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input1)))]))
 
 (def: binary/11
   [Estimator (-> Opcode U1 U1 Instruction)]
@@ -186,15 +181,12 @@
   (-> Opcode U2 U1 Mutation)
   (function (_ [offset binary])
     [(n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/21) offset)
-     (try.trusted
-      (do try.monad
-        [_ (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary)
-         _ (binary.write/16! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
-                             (///unsigned.value input0)
-                             binary)]
-        (binary.write/8! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/2) offset)
-                         (///unsigned.value input1)
-                         binary)))]))
+     (|> binary
+         (binary.with/1! offset opcode)
+         (binary.with/2! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input0))
+         (binary.with/1! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/2) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input1)))]))
 
 (def: binary/21
   [Estimator (-> Opcode U2 U1 Instruction)]
@@ -214,18 +206,14 @@
   (-> Opcode U2 U1 U1 Mutation)
   (function (_ [offset binary])
     [(n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/211) offset)
-     (try.trusted
-      (do try.monad
-        [_ (binary.write/8! offset opcode binary)
-         _ (binary.write/16! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
-                             (///unsigned.value input0)
-                             binary)
-         _ (binary.write/8! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/2) offset)
-                            (///unsigned.value input1)
-                            binary)]
-        (binary.write/8! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/21) offset)
-                         (///unsigned.value input2)
-                         binary)))]))
+     (|> binary
+         (binary.with/1! offset opcode)
+         (binary.with/2! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input0))
+         (binary.with/1! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/2) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input1))
+         (binary.with/1! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..size/21) offset)
+                         (///unsigned.value input2)))]))
 
 (def: trinary/211
   [Estimator (-> Opcode U2 U1 U1 Instruction)]
@@ -617,34 +605,34 @@
                                             (try.trusted
                                              (do [! try.monad]
                                                [amount_of_afterwards (|> amount_of_afterwards .int ///signed.s4)
-                                                maximum (///signed.+/4 minimum amount_of_afterwards)
-                                                _ (binary.write/8! offset (hex "AA") binary)
-                                                .let [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)]
-                                                _ (case padding
-                                                    3 (do !
-                                                        [_ (binary.write/8! offset 0 binary)]
-                                                        (binary.write/16! (++ offset) 0 binary))
-                                                    2 (binary.write/16! offset 0 binary)
-                                                    1 (binary.write/8! offset 0 binary)
-                                                    _ (in binary))
-                                                .let [offset (n.+ padding offset)]
-                                                _ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value default) binary)
-                                                .let [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)]
-                                                _ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value minimum) binary)
-                                                .let [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)]
-                                                _ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value maximum) binary)]
-                                               (loop [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)
-                                                      afterwards (: (List Big_Jump)
-                                                                    {.#Item at_minimum afterwards})]
-                                                 (case afterwards
-                                                   {.#End}
-                                                   (in binary)
-                                                   
-                                                   {.#Item head tail}
-                                                   (do !
-                                                     [_ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value head) binary)]
-                                                     (again (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)
-                                                            tail))))))]))]
+                                                maximum (///signed.+/4 minimum amount_of_afterwards)]
+                                               (in (let [_ (binary.with/1! offset (hex "AA") binary)
+                                                         offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                                                         _ (case padding
+                                                             3 (|> binary
+                                                                   (binary.with/1! offset 0)
+                                                                   (binary.with/2! (++ offset) 0))
+                                                             2 (binary.with/2! offset 0 binary)
+                                                             1 (binary.with/1! offset 0 binary)
+                                                             _ binary)
+                                                         offset (n.+ padding offset)
+                                                         _ (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value default) binary)
+                                                         offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)
+                                                         _ (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value minimum) binary)
+                                                         offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)
+                                                         _ (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value maximum) binary)]
+                                                     (loop [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)
+                                                            afterwards (: (List Big_Jump)
+                                                                          {.#Item at_minimum afterwards})]
+                                                       (case afterwards
+                                                         {.#End}
+                                                         binary
+                                                         
+                                                         {.#Item head tail}
+                                                         (exec
+                                                           (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value head) binary)
+                                                           (again (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)
+                                                                  tail))))))))]))]
              [(n.+ tableswitch_size
                    size)
               (|>> mutation tableswitch_mutation)]))))]))
@@ -678,33 +666,31 @@
                  lookupswitch_mutation (: Mutation
                                           (function (_ [offset binary])
                                             [(n.+ lookupswitch_size offset)
-                                             (try.trusted
-                                              (do [! try.monad]
-                                                [_ (binary.write/8! offset (hex "AB") binary)
-                                                 .let [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)]
-                                                 _ (case padding
-                                                     3 (do !
-                                                         [_ (binary.write/8! offset 0 binary)]
-                                                         (binary.write/16! (++ offset) 0 binary))
-                                                     2 (binary.write/16! offset 0 binary)
-                                                     1 (binary.write/8! offset 0 binary)
-                                                     _ (in binary))
-                                                 .let [offset (n.+ padding offset)]
-                                                 _ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value default) binary)
-                                                 .let [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)]
-                                                 _ (binary.write/32! offset amount_of_cases binary)]
-                                                (loop [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)
-                                                       cases cases]
-                                                  (case cases
-                                                    {.#End}
-                                                    (in binary)
-                                                    
-                                                    {.#Item [value jump] tail}
-                                                    (do !
-                                                      [_ (binary.write/32! offset (///signed.value value) binary)
-                                                       _ (binary.write/32! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset) (///signed.value jump) binary)]
-                                                      (again (n.+ case_size offset)
-                                                             tail))))))]))]
+                                             (let [_ (binary.with/1! offset (hex "AB") binary)
+                                                   offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..opcode_size) offset)
+                                                   _ (case padding
+                                                       3 (|> binary
+                                                             (binary.with/1! offset 0)
+                                                             (binary.with/2! (++ offset) 0))
+                                                       2 (binary.with/2! offset 0 binary)
+                                                       1 (binary.with/1! offset 0 binary)
+                                                       _ binary)
+                                                   offset (n.+ padding offset)
+                                                   _ (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value default) binary)
+                                                   offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..big_jump_size) offset)
+                                                   _ (binary.with/4! offset amount_of_cases binary)]
+                                               (loop [offset (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset)
+                                                      cases cases]
+                                                 (case cases
+                                                   {.#End}
+                                                   binary
+                                                   
+                                                   {.#Item [value jump] tail}
+                                                   (exec
+                                                     (binary.with/4! offset (///signed.value value) binary)
+                                                     (binary.with/4! (n.+ (///unsigned.value ..integer_size) offset) (///signed.value jump) binary)
+                                                     (again (n.+ case_size offset)
+                                                            tail)))))]))]
              [(n.+ lookupswitch_size
                    size)
               (|>> mutation lookupswitch_mutation)]))))]))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/python.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/python.lux
index dc1b5e935..90d8210ef 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/python.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/target/python.lux
@@ -230,29 +230,16 @@
         (format (:representation func) "(" (text.interposed ", " (list#each ..code args)) ")")))
 
   (template [<name> <brand> <prefix>]
-    [(def: (<name> var)
-       (-> (Expression Any) Text)
-       (format <prefix> (:representation var)))]
+    [(def: .public <name>
+       (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any))
+       (|>> :representation
+            (format <prefix>)
+            :abstraction))]
 
     [splat_poly    Poly    "*"]
     [splat_keyword Keyword "**"]
     )
 
-  (template [<name> <splat>]
-    [(def: .public (<name> args extra func)
-       (-> (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
-       (<| :abstraction
-           ... ..expression
-           (format (:representation func)
-                   (format "(" (|> args
-                                   (list#each (function (_ arg) (format (:representation arg) ", ")))
-                                   text.together)
-                           (<splat> extra) ")"))))]
-
-    [apply_poly    splat_poly]
-    [apply_keyword splat_keyword]
-    )
-
   (def: .public (the name object)
     (-> Text (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
     (:abstraction (format (:representation object) "." name)))
@@ -261,16 +248,6 @@
     (-> Text (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) (Computation Any))
     (..apply/* (..the method object) args))
 
-  (template [<name> <apply>]
-    [(def: .public (<name> args extra method)
-       (-> (List (Expression Any)) (Expression Any) Text
-           (-> (Expression Any) (Computation Any)))
-       (|>> (..the method) (<apply> args extra)))]
-
-    [do_poly    apply_poly]
-    [do_keyword apply_keyword]
-    )
-
   (def: .public (item idx array)
     (-> (Expression Any) (Expression Any) Location)
     (:abstraction (format (:representation array) "[" (:representation idx) "]")))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/analysis/type.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/analysis/type.lux
index bd2c04844..db622ca0c 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/analysis/type.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/analysis/type.lux
@@ -117,8 +117,7 @@
     [var (..check check.var)
      .let [[@it :it:] var]
      it (it var)
-     ... _ (..check (check.forget! @it))
-     ]
+     _ (..check (check.forget! @it))]
     (in it)))
 
 (def: .public (inferring action)
diff --git a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/phase/extension/analysis/lux.lux b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/phase/extension/analysis/lux.lux
index d747ff070..21cf02c95 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/phase/extension/analysis/lux.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/library/lux/tool/compiler/language/lux/phase/extension/analysis/lux.lux
@@ -136,12 +136,14 @@
   (function (_ extension_name analyse archive args)
     (case args
       (^ (list opC))
-      (do ////.monad
-        [[var_id varT] (typeA.check check.var)
-         _ (typeA.inference (type (Either Text varT)))
-         opA (<| (typeA.expecting (type (-> .Any varT)))
-                 (analyse archive opC))]
-        (in {////analysis.#Extension extension_name (list opA)}))
+      (<| typeA.with_var
+          (function (_ [@var :var:]))
+          (do [! ////.monad]
+            [_ (typeA.inference (type (Either Text :var:)))]
+            (|> opC
+                (analyse archive)
+                (typeA.expecting (type (-> .Any :var:)))
+                (# ! each (|>> list {////analysis.#Extension extension_name})))))
       
       _
       (////analysis.except ///.incorrect_arity [extension_name 1 (list.size args)]))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/data/binary.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/data/binary.lux
index f3bd5e78f..0a354092d 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/data/binary.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/data/binary.lux
@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
 (.using
-  [library
-   [lux "*"
-    ["_" test {"+" Test}]
-    [abstract
-     ["[0]" monad {"+" do}]
-     ["[0]" enum]
-     [\\specification
-      ["$[0]" equivalence]
-      ["$[0]" monoid]]]
-    [control
-     ["[0]" try {"+" Try}]
-     ["[0]" exception {"+" Exception}]]
-    [data
-     [collection
-      ["[0]" list]]]
-    [math
-     ["[0]" random {"+" Random}]
-     [number
-      ["[0]" i64]
-      ["n" nat]]]]]
-  [\\library
-   ["[0]" / {"+" Binary}]])
+ [library
+  [lux "*"
+   [ffi {"+"}]
+   ["_" test {"+" Test}]
+   [abstract
+    ["[0]" monad {"+" do}]
+    ["[0]" enum]
+    [\\specification
+     ["$[0]" equivalence]
+     ["$[0]" monoid]]]
+   [control
+    ["[0]" try {"+" Try}]
+    ["[0]" exception {"+" Exception}]]
+   [data
+    [collection
+     [array {"+"}]
+     ["[0]" list ("[1]#[0]" functor)]]]
+   [math
+    ["[0]" random {"+" Random}]
+    [number
+     ["[0]" i64]
+     ["n" nat]]]]]
+ [\\library
+  ["[0]" /
+   ["!" \\unsafe]]])
 
 (def: (succeed result)
   (-> (Try Bit) Bit)
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@
     output))
 
 (def: .public (random size)
-  (-> Nat (Random Binary))
+  (-> Nat (Random /.Binary))
   (let [output (/.empty size)]
     (loop [idx 0]
       (if (n.< size idx)
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@
     false))
 
 (def: (binary_io power read write value)
-  (-> Nat (-> Nat Binary (Try Nat)) (-> Nat Nat Binary (Try Any)) Nat Bit)
+  (-> Nat (-> Nat /.Binary (Try Nat)) (-> Nat Nat /.Binary (Try Any)) Nat Bit)
   (let [bytes (i64.left_shifted power 1)
         binary (/.empty bytes)
         cap (case bytes
@@ -75,9 +78,74 @@
                  {.#Item head tail})
                (list)))
 
+(def: test|unsafe
+  Test
+  (<| (_.covering !._)
+      (_.for [!.Binary])
+      (do [! random.monad]
+        [.let [gen_size (|> random.nat (# ! each (|>> (n.% 100) (n.max 8))))]
+         size gen_size
+         sample (..random size)
+         value random.nat
+         .let [gen_idx (|> random.nat (# ! each (n.% size)))]
+         offset gen_idx
+         length (# ! each (n.% (n.- offset size)) random.nat)]
+        (`` ($_ _.and
+                (_.for [!.=]
+                       ($equivalence.spec (function (_ left right)
+                                            (!.= left right))
+                                          (..random size)))
+                (_.cover [!.empty]
+                         (!.= (!.empty size) (!.empty size)))
+                (_.cover [!.size]
+                         (|> (!.empty size) !.size (n.= size)))
+                (~~ (template [<power> <bytes/?> <with/?>]
+                      [(_.cover [<bytes/?> <with/?>]
+                                (let [bytes (i64.left_shifted <power> 1)
+                                      binary (!.empty bytes)
+                                      cap (case bytes
+                                            8 (-- 0)
+                                            _ (|> 1 (i64.left_shifted (n.* 8 bytes)) --))
+                                      capped_value (i64.and cap value)
+                                      
+                                      pre (<bytes/?> 0 binary)
+                                      _ (<with/?> 0 value binary)
+                                      post (<bytes/?> 0 binary)]
+                                  (and (n.= 0 pre)
+                                       (n.= capped_value post))))]
+
+                      [0 !.bytes/1 !.with/1!]
+                      [1 !.bytes/2 !.with/2!]
+                      [2 !.bytes/4 !.with/4!]
+                      [3 !.bytes/8 !.with/8!]))
+                (_.cover [!.slice]
+                         (let [random_slice (!.slice offset length sample)
+                               idxs (: (List Nat)
+                                       (case length
+                                         0 (list)
+                                         _ (enum.range n.enum 0 (-- length))))
+                               reader (function (_ binary idx)
+                                        (!.bytes/1 idx binary))]
+                           (and (n.= length (!.size random_slice))
+                                (# (list.equivalence n.equivalence) =
+                                   (list#each (|>> (n.+ offset) (reader sample)) idxs)
+                                   (list#each (reader random_slice) idxs)))))
+                (_.cover [!.copy!]
+                         (and (let [it (!.copy! size 0 sample 0 (!.empty size))]
+                                (and (not (same? sample it))
+                                     (!.= sample it)))
+                              (let [sample/0 (!.bytes/1 0 sample)
+                                    copy (!.copy! 1 0 sample 0 (!.empty 2))
+                                    copy/0 (!.bytes/1 0 copy)
+                                    copy/1 (!.bytes/1 1 copy)]
+                                (and (n.= sample/0 copy/0)
+                                     (n.= 0 copy/1)))))
+                )))))
+
 (def: .public test
   Test
   (<| (_.covering /._)
+      (_.for [/.Binary])
       (do [! random.monad]
         [.let [gen_size (|> random.nat (# ! each (|>> (n.% 100) (n.max 8))))]
          size gen_size
@@ -86,78 +154,79 @@
          .let [gen_idx (|> random.nat (# ! each (n.% size)))]
          offset gen_idx
          length (# ! each (n.% (n.- offset size)) random.nat)]
-        (_.for [/.Binary]
-               ($_ _.and
-                   (_.for [/.equivalence]
-                          ($equivalence.spec /.equivalence (..random size)))
-                   (_.for [/.monoid]
-                          ($monoid.spec /.equivalence /.monoid (..random size)))
-                   (_.cover [/.aggregate]
-                            (n.= (# list.mix mix n.+ 0 (..as_list sample))
-                                 (/.aggregate n.+ 0 sample)))
-                   
-                   (_.cover [/.empty]
-                            (# /.equivalence =
-                               (/.empty size)
-                               (/.empty size)))
-                   (_.cover [/.size]
-                            (|> (/.empty size) /.size (n.= size)))
-                   (_.for [/.index_out_of_bounds]
-                          ($_ _.and
-                              (_.cover [/.read/8! /.write/8!]
-                                       (..binary_io 0 /.read/8! /.write/8! value))
-                              (_.cover [/.read/16! /.write/16!]
-                                       (..binary_io 1 /.read/16! /.write/16! value))
-                              (_.cover [/.read/32! /.write/32!]
-                                       (..binary_io 2 /.read/32! /.write/32! value))
-                              (_.cover [/.read/64! /.write/64!]
-                                       (..binary_io 3 /.read/64! /.write/64! value))))
-                   (_.cover [/.slice]
-                            (let [random_slice (try.trusted (/.slice offset length sample))
-                                  idxs (: (List Nat)
-                                          (case length
-                                            0 (list)
-                                            _ (enum.range n.enum 0 (-- length))))
-                                  reader (function (_ binary idx)
-                                           (/.read/8! idx binary))]
-                              (and (n.= length (/.size random_slice))
-                                   (case [(monad.each try.monad (|>> (n.+ offset) (reader sample)) idxs)
-                                          (monad.each try.monad (reader random_slice) idxs)]
-                                     [{try.#Success binary_vals} {try.#Success slice_vals}]
-                                     (# (list.equivalence n.equivalence) = binary_vals slice_vals)
+        ($_ _.and
+            (_.for [/.equivalence]
+                   ($equivalence.spec /.equivalence (..random size)))
+            (_.for [/.monoid]
+                   ($monoid.spec /.equivalence /.monoid (..random size)))
+            (_.cover [/.aggregate]
+                     (n.= (# list.mix mix n.+ 0 (..as_list sample))
+                          (/.aggregate n.+ 0 sample)))
+            
+            (_.cover [/.empty]
+                     (# /.equivalence =
+                        (/.empty size)
+                        (/.empty size)))
+            (_.cover [/.size]
+                     (|> (/.empty size) /.size (n.= size)))
+            (_.for [/.index_out_of_bounds]
+                   ($_ _.and
+                       (_.cover [/.read/8! /.write/8!]
+                                (..binary_io 0 /.read/8! /.write/8! value))
+                       (_.cover [/.read/16! /.write/16!]
+                                (..binary_io 1 /.read/16! /.write/16! value))
+                       (_.cover [/.read/32! /.write/32!]
+                                (..binary_io 2 /.read/32! /.write/32! value))
+                       (_.cover [/.read/64! /.write/64!]
+                                (..binary_io 3 /.read/64! /.write/64! value))))
+            (_.cover [/.slice]
+                     (let [random_slice (try.trusted (/.slice offset length sample))
+                           idxs (: (List Nat)
+                                   (case length
+                                     0 (list)
+                                     _ (enum.range n.enum 0 (-- length))))
+                           reader (function (_ binary idx)
+                                    (/.read/8! idx binary))]
+                       (and (n.= length (/.size random_slice))
+                            (case [(monad.each try.monad (|>> (n.+ offset) (reader sample)) idxs)
+                                   (monad.each try.monad (reader random_slice) idxs)]
+                              [{try.#Success binary_vals} {try.#Success slice_vals}]
+                              (# (list.equivalence n.equivalence) = binary_vals slice_vals)
+
+                              _
+                              #0))))
+            (_.cover [/.slice_out_of_bounds]
+                     (and (throws? /.slice_out_of_bounds (/.slice size size sample))
+                          (let [verdict (throws? /.slice_out_of_bounds (/.slice offset size sample))]
+                            (case offset
+                              0 (not verdict)
+                              _ verdict))))
+            (_.cover [/.after]
+                     (and (# /.equivalence = sample (/.after 0 sample))
+                          (# /.equivalence = (/.empty 0) (/.after size sample))
+                          (case (list.reversed (..as_list sample))
+                            {.#End}
+                            false
 
-                                     _
-                                     #0))))
-                   (_.cover [/.slice_out_of_bounds]
-                            (and (throws? /.slice_out_of_bounds (/.slice size size sample))
-                                 (let [verdict (throws? /.slice_out_of_bounds (/.slice offset size sample))]
-                                   (case offset
-                                     0 (not verdict)
-                                     _ verdict))))
-                   (_.cover [/.after]
-                            (and (# /.equivalence = sample (/.after 0 sample))
-                                 (# /.equivalence = (/.empty 0) (/.after size sample))
-                                 (case (list.reversed (..as_list sample))
-                                   {.#End}
-                                   false
+                            {.#Item head tail}
+                            (n.= (list.mix n.+ 0 tail)
+                                 (/.aggregate n.+ 0 (/.after 1 sample))))))
+            (_.cover [/.copy]
+                     (and (case (/.copy size 0 sample 0 (/.empty size))
+                            {try.#Success output}
+                            (and (not (same? sample output))
+                                 (# /.equivalence = sample output))
 
-                                   {.#Item head tail}
-                                   (n.= (list.mix n.+ 0 tail)
-                                        (/.aggregate n.+ 0 (/.after 1 sample))))))
-                   (_.cover [/.copy]
-                            (and (case (/.copy size 0 sample 0 (/.empty size))
-                                   {try.#Success output}
-                                   (and (not (same? sample output))
-                                        (# /.equivalence = sample output))
+                            {try.#Failure _}
+                            false)
+                          (succeed
+                           (do try.monad
+                             [sample/0 (/.read/8! 0 sample)
+                              copy (/.copy 1 0 sample 0 (/.empty 2))
+                              copy/0 (/.read/8! 0 copy)
+                              copy/1 (/.read/8! 1 copy)]
+                             (in (and (n.= sample/0 copy/0)
+                                      (n.= 0 copy/1)))))))
 
-                                   {try.#Failure _}
-                                   false)
-                                 (succeed
-                                  (do try.monad
-                                    [sample/0 (/.read/8! 0 sample)
-                                     copy (/.copy 1 0 sample 0 (/.empty 2))
-                                     copy/0 (/.read/8! 0 copy)
-                                     copy/1 (/.read/8! 1 copy)]
-                                    (in (and (n.= sample/0 copy/0)
-                                             (n.= 0 copy/1)))))))
-                   )))))
+            ..test|unsafe
+            ))))
diff --git a/stdlib/source/test/lux/target/python.lux b/stdlib/source/test/lux/target/python.lux
index 6eed5ecab..45eae7e38 100644
--- a/stdlib/source/test/lux/target/python.lux
+++ b/stdlib/source/test/lux/target/python.lux
@@ -329,8 +329,12 @@
   (do [! random.monad]
     [expected/0 random.safe_frac
      expected/1 random.safe_frac
-     choice (# ! each (n.% 2) random.nat)
-     .let [expected/? (case choice
+     poly_choice (# ! each (n.% 2) random.nat)
+     .let [keyword (|>> %.nat (format "k") /.string)
+           keyword/0 (keyword 0)
+           keyword/1 (keyword 1)
+           keyword_choice (keyword poly_choice)]
+     .let [expected/? (case poly_choice
                         0 expected/0
                         _ expected/1)]
      $var (# ! each (|>> %.nat (format "v") /.var) random.nat)
@@ -344,9 +348,28 @@
                  (expression (|>> (:as Frac) (f.= expected/?))
                              (/.apply/* (/.lambda (list $choice (/.poly $var))
                                                   (/.item $choice $var))
-                                        (list (/.int (.int choice))
+                                        (list (/.int (.int poly_choice))
                                               (/.float expected/0)
                                               (/.float expected/1)))))
+        (_.for [/.Keyword /.KVar]
+               ($_ _.and
+                   (_.cover [/.keyword]
+                            (expression (|>> (:as Nat) (n.= 2))
+                                        (/.apply/* (/.lambda (list $choice (/.keyword $var))
+                                                             (/.len/1 $var))
+                                                   (list keyword_choice
+                                                         (/.splat_keyword
+                                                          (/.dict (list [keyword/0 (/.float expected/0)]
+                                                                        [keyword/1 (/.float expected/1)])))))))
+                   (_.cover [/.splat_keyword]
+                            (expression (|>> (:as Frac) (f.= expected/?))
+                                        (/.apply/* (/.lambda (list $choice (/.keyword $var))
+                                                             (/.item $choice $var))
+                                                   (list keyword_choice
+                                                         (/.splat_keyword
+                                                          (/.dict (list [keyword/0 (/.float expected/0)]
+                                                                        [keyword/1 (/.float expected/1)])))))))
+                   ))
         )))
 
 (def: test|expression
diff --git a/stdlib/source/unsafe/lux/data/binary.lux b/stdlib/source/unsafe/lux/data/binary.lux
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..868dd82f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/source/unsafe/lux/data/binary.lux
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+(.using
+ [library
+  [lux "*"
+   ["@" target]
+   ["[0]" ffi]
+   [control
+    [function
+     [inline {"+" inline:}]]]
+   [data
+    [collection
+     ["[0]" array]]]
+   [math
+    [number {"+" hex}
+     ["[0]" i64]]]]])
+
+(with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is (type: .public Binary
+                                 (ffi.type [byte]))
+
+                               (ffi.import: java/lang/Object)
+                               
+                               (ffi.import: java/lang/System
+                                 ["[1]::[0]"
+                                  ("static" arraycopy [java/lang/Object int java/lang/Object int int] void)])
+
+                               (ffi.import: java/util/Arrays
+                                 ["[1]::[0]"
+                                  ("static" copyOfRange [[byte] int int] [byte])
+                                  ("static" equals [[byte] [byte]] boolean)]))]
+  (for [@.old (as_is <jvm>)
+        @.jvm (as_is <jvm>)
+
+        @.js
+        (as_is (ffi.import: ArrayBuffer
+                 ["[1]::[0]"
+                  (new [ffi.Number])])
+               
+               (ffi.import: Uint8Array
+                 ["[1]::[0]"
+                  (new [ArrayBuffer])
+                  (length ffi.Number)])
+               
+               (type: .public Binary
+                 Uint8Array))
+
+        @.python
+        (type: .public Binary
+          (Primitive "bytearray"))
+
+        @.scheme
+        (as_is (type: .public Binary
+                 (Primitive "bytevector"))
+               
+               (ffi.import: (make-bytevector [Nat] Binary))
+               (ffi.import: (bytevector-u8-ref [Binary Nat] I64))
+               (ffi.import: (bytevector-u8-set! [Binary Nat (I64 Any)] Any))
+               (ffi.import: (bytevector-length [Binary] Nat)))]
+
+       ... Default
+       (type: .public Binary
+         (array.Array (I64 Any)))))
+
+(template: .public (empty size)
+  [(with_expansions [<size> (: Nat size)
+                     <jvm> (|> <size>
+                               (ffi.array byte)
+                               (: ..Binary))]
+     (: ..Binary
+        (for [@.old <jvm>
+              @.jvm <jvm>
+
+              @.js
+              (|> <size>
+                  .int
+                  "lux i64 f64"
+                  ArrayBuffer::new
+                  Uint8Array::new)
+
+              @.python
+              (|> <size>
+                  ("python apply" (:as ffi.Function ("python constant" "bytearray")))
+                  (:as ..Binary))
+
+              @.scheme
+              (..make-bytevector <size>)]
+
+             ... Default
+             (array.empty <size>))))])
+
+(template: .public (size it)
+  [(with_expansions [<it> (: ..Binary it)
+                     <jvm> (ffi.length <it>)]
+     (: Nat
+        (for [@.old <jvm>
+              @.jvm <jvm>
+
+              @.js
+              (|> <it>
+                  Uint8Array::length
+                  (: Frac)
+                  "lux f64 i64"
+                  .nat)
+
+              @.python
+              (|> <it>
+                  (:as (array.Array (I64 Any)))
+                  "python array length")
+
+              @.scheme
+              (..bytevector-length [<it>])]
+
+             ... Default
+             (array.size <it>))))])
+
+(def: byte_mask
+  Nat
+  (i64.mask i64.bits_per_byte))
+
+(with_expansions [<byte_mask> (.static ..byte_mask)]
+  (template: .public (bytes/1 index it)
+    [(with_expansions [<it> (: ..Binary it)
+                       <index> (: Nat index)
+                       <jvm> (|> <it>
+                                 (ffi.read! <index>)
+                                 ffi.byte_to_long
+                                 (:as I64)
+                                 ("lux i64 and" <byte_mask>))]
+       (: I64
+          (`` (for [@.old (~~ <jvm>)
+                    @.jvm (~~ <jvm>)
+
+                    @.js
+                    (|> <it>
+                        (:as (array.Array .Frac))
+                        ("js array read" <index>)
+                        "lux f64 i64"
+                        .i64)
+
+                    @.python
+                    (|> <it>
+                        (:as (array.Array .I64))
+                        ("python array read" <index>))
+
+                    @.scheme
+                    (..bytevector-u8-ref [<it> <index>])]
+
+                   ... Default
+                   (.case (array.read! <index> <it>)
+                     {.#Some it}
+                     it
+
+                     {.#None}
+                     (.i64 (: (I64 Any) 0)))))))]))
+
+(template: .public (bytes/2 index' it')
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         it (: ..Binary it')]
+     (: I64
+        ($_ "lux i64 or"
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 8 (..bytes/1 index it))
+            (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 1 index) it))))])
+
+(template: .public (bytes/4 index' it')
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         it (: ..Binary it')]
+     (: I64
+        ($_ "lux i64 or"
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 24 (..bytes/1 index it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 16 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 1 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 8 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 2 index) it))
+            (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 3 index) it))))])
+
+(template: .public (bytes/8 index' it')
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         it (: ..Binary it')]
+     (: I64
+        ($_ "lux i64 or"
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 56 (..bytes/1 index it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 48 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 1 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 40 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 2 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 32 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 3 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 24 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 4 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 16 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 5 index) it))
+            ("lux i64 left-shift" 8 (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 6 index) it))
+            (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" 7 index) it))))])
+
+(with_expansions [<byte> (hex "FF")]
+  (template: .public (with/1! index value it)
+    [(with_expansions [<it> (: ..Binary it)
+                       <index> (: Nat index)
+                       <value> (: (I64 Any) value)
+                       <value> (for [@.old
+                                     (|> <value> (:as Int) ffi.long_to_byte)
+
+                                     @.jvm
+                                     (|> <value> (:as (Primitive "java.lang.Long")) ffi.long_to_byte)]
+                                    <value>)
+                       <jvm> (ffi.write! <index> <value> <it>)]
+       (: ..Binary
+          (for [@.old <jvm>
+                @.jvm <jvm>
+
+                @.js
+                (|> <it>
+                    (: ..Binary)
+                    (:as (array.Array .Frac))
+                    ("js array write" <index>
+                     (|> <value>
+                         .int
+                         ("lux i64 and" (.int <byte>))
+                         "lux i64 f64"))
+                    (:as ..Binary))
+                
+                @.python
+                (|> <it>
+                    (: ..Binary)
+                    (:as (array.Array (I64 Any)))
+                    ("python array write" <index> (|> <value> ("lux i64 and" <byte>) (: (I64 Any))))
+                    (:as ..Binary))
+                
+                @.scheme
+                (let [it' <it>]
+                  (exec
+                    (..bytevector-u8-set! [it' <index> <value>])
+                    it'))]
+
+               ... Default
+               (array.write! <index> (|> <value> .int ("lux i64 and" (.int <byte>))) <it>))))]))
+
+(template: .public (with/2! index' value' it)
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         value (: (I64 Any) value')]
+     (|> it
+         (..with/1! index ("lux i64 right-shift" 8 value))
+         (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 1 index) value)))])
+
+(template: .public (with/4! index' value' it)
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         value (: (I64 Any) value')]
+     (|> it
+         (..with/1! index ("lux i64 right-shift" 24 value))
+         (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 1 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 16 value))
+         (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 2 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 8 value))
+         (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 3 index) value)))])
+
+(template: .public (with/8! index' value' it)
+  [(let [index (: Nat index')
+         value (: (I64 Any) value')]
+     (for [@.scheme (let [write_high (: (-> ..Binary ..Binary)
+                                        (|>> (..with/1! index ("lux i64 right-shift" 56 value))
+                                             (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 1 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 48 value))
+                                             (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 2 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 40 value))
+                                             (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 3 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 32 value))))
+                          write_low (: (-> ..Binary ..Binary)
+                                       (|>> (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 4 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 24 value))
+                                            (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 5 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 16 value))
+                                            (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 6 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 8 value))
+                                            (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 7 index) value)))]
+                      (|> it
+                          write_high
+                          write_low))]
+          (|> it
+              (..with/1! index ("lux i64 right-shift" 56 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 1 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 48 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 2 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 40 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 3 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 32 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 4 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 24 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 5 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 16 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 6 index) ("lux i64 right-shift" 8 value))
+              (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" 7 index) value))))])
+
+(def: .public (= reference sample)
+  (-> ..Binary ..Binary Bit)
+  (with_expansions [<jvm> (java/util/Arrays::equals reference sample)]
+    (for [@.old <jvm>
+          @.jvm <jvm>]
+         (let [limit (..size reference)]
+           (and ("lux i64 =" limit (..size sample))
+                (loop [index 0]
+                  (if ("lux i64 =" limit index)
+                    (and ("lux i64 ="
+                          (..bytes/1 index reference)
+                          (..bytes/1 index sample))
+                         (again (++ index)))
+                    true)))))))
+
+(def: .public (copy! bytes source_offset source target_offset target)
+  (-> Nat Nat ..Binary Nat ..Binary ..Binary)
+  (with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is (exec
+                                   (java/lang/System::arraycopy source (.int source_offset)
+                                                                target (.int target_offset)
+                                                                (.int bytes))
+                                   target))]
+    (for [@.old <jvm>
+          @.jvm <jvm>]
+         
+         ... Default
+         (loop [index 0]
+           (if ("lux i64 <" (.int bytes) (.int index))
+             (exec
+               (..with/1! ("lux i64 +" target_offset index)
+                          (..bytes/1 ("lux i64 +" source_offset index) source)
+                          target)
+               (again (++ index)))
+             target)))))
+
+(def: .public (slice offset size binary)
+  (-> Nat Nat ..Binary ..Binary)
+  (let [limit ("lux i64 +" size offset)]
+    (with_expansions [<jvm> (as_is (java/util/Arrays::copyOfRange binary (.int offset) (.int limit)))]
+      (for [@.old <jvm>
+            @.jvm <jvm>]
+           
+           ... Default
+           (..copy! size offset binary 0 (..empty size))))))