Merge pull request #117 from Nadrieril/merge-crates

Merge a bunch of sub-crates

40 files changed, 644 insertions, 715 deletions

diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/.gitignore b/dhall/.gitignore
index 8a0bac6..8a0bac6 100644
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/.gitignore
+++ b/dhall/.gitignore
diff --git a/dhall/Cargo.toml b/dhall/Cargo.toml
index 16c1c78..962b466 100644
--- a/dhall/Cargo.toml
+++ b/dhall/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,17 +8,25 @@ build = "build.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 bytecount = "0.5.1"
+either = "1.5.2"
+improved_slice_patterns = { version = "2.0.0", path = "../improved_slice_patterns" }
 itertools = "0.8.0"
-take_mut = "0.2.2"
-term-painter = "0.2.3"
+hex = "0.3.2"
+lazy_static = "1.4.0"
+percent-encoding = "2.1.0"
+pest = "2.1"
+# pest_consume = { path = "../../pest_consume/pest_consume" }
+pest_consume = "1.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0" }
 serde_cbor = "0.9.0"
-improved_slice_patterns = { version = "2.0.0", path = "../improved_slice_patterns" }
-dhall_syntax = { path = "../dhall_syntax" }
+take_mut = "0.2.2"
+term-painter = "0.2.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "0.6.1"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 walkdir = "2"
+abnf_to_pest = { version = "0.1.1", path = "../abnf_to_pest" }
+
 
diff --git a/dhall/build.rs b/dhall/build.rs
index a0106de..50f423e 100644
--- a/dhall/build.rs
+++ b/dhall/build.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
+use abnf_to_pest::render_rules_to_pest;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 enum FileType {
     Text,
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ fn make_test_module(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+fn generate_tests() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     // Tries to detect when the submodule gets updated.
     // To force regeneration of the test list, just `touch dhall-lang/.git`
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../dhall-lang/.git");
@@ -404,3 +406,95 @@ fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn convert_abnf_to_pest() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let abnf_path = "src/dhall.abnf";
+    let visibility_path = "src/dhall.pest.visibility";
+    let pest_path = "src/dhall.pest";
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", abnf_path);
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", visibility_path);
+
+    let mut file = File::open(abnf_path)?;
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    file.read_to_end(&mut data)?;
+    data.push('\n' as u8);
+
+    let mut rules = abnf_to_pest::parse_abnf(&data)?;
+    for line in BufReader::new(File::open(visibility_path)?).lines() {
+        let line = line?;
+        if line.len() >= 2 && &line[0..2] == "# " {
+            rules.get_mut(&line[2..]).map(|x| x.silent = true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut file = File::create(pest_path)?;
+    writeln!(&mut file, "// AUTO-GENERATED FILE. See build.rs.")?;
+
+    // TODO: this is a cheat; properly support RFC3986 URLs instead
+    rules.remove("url_path");
+    writeln!(&mut file, "url_path = _{{ path }}")?;
+
+    rules.remove("simple_label");
+    writeln!(
+        &mut file,
+        "simple_label = {{
+              keyword ~ simple_label_next_char+
+            | !keyword ~ simple_label_first_char ~ simple_label_next_char*
+    }}"
+    )?;
+
+    rules.remove("nonreserved_label");
+    writeln!(
+        &mut file,
+        "nonreserved_label = _{{
+            !(builtin ~ !simple_label_next_char) ~ label
+    }}"
+    )?;
+
+    // Setup grammar for precedence climbing
+    rules.remove("operator_expression");
+    writeln!(&mut file, r##"
+        import_alt = {{ "?" ~ whsp1 }}
+        bool_or = {{ "||" }}
+        natural_plus = {{ "+" ~ whsp1 }}
+        text_append = {{ "++" }}
+        list_append = {{ "#" }}
+        bool_and = {{ "&&" }}
+        natural_times = {{ "*" }}
+        bool_eq = {{ "==" }}
+        bool_ne = {{ "!=" }}
+
+        operator = _{{
+            equivalent |
+            bool_ne |
+            bool_eq |
+            natural_times |
+            combine_types |
+            prefer |
+            combine |
+            bool_and |
+            list_append |
+            text_append |
+            natural_plus |
+            bool_or |
+            import_alt
+        }}
+        operator_expression = {{ application_expression ~ (whsp ~ operator ~ whsp ~ application_expression)* }}
+    "##)?;
+
+    writeln!(
+        &mut file,
+        "final_expression = ${{ SOI ~ complete_expression ~ EOI }}"
+    )?;
+
+    writeln!(&mut file)?;
+    writeln!(&mut file, "{}", render_rules_to_pest(rules).pretty(80))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    convert_abnf_to_pest()?;
+    generate_tests()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/src/dhall.abnf b/dhall/src/dhall.abnf
index ce13b8e..ce13b8e 120000
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/src/dhall.abnf
+++ b/dhall/src/dhall.abnf
diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/src/dhall.pest.visibility b/dhall/src/dhall.pest.visibility
index 17c1edc..17c1edc 100644
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/src/dhall.pest.visibility
+++ b/dhall/src/dhall.pest.visibility
diff --git a/dhall/src/lib.rs b/dhall/src/lib.rs
index ed4435a..0991375 100644
--- a/dhall/src/lib.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,5 @@
 
 mod tests;
 
-pub mod core;
-pub mod error;
-pub mod phase;
+pub mod semantics;
+pub mod syntax;
diff --git a/dhall/src/core/context.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/core/context.rs
index 2bf39c5..d150e56 100644
--- a/dhall/src/core/context.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/core/context.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{Label, V};
-
-use crate::core::value::Value;
-use crate::core::valuef::ValueF;
-use crate::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
-use crate::error::TypeError;
+use crate::semantics::core::value::Value;
+use crate::semantics::core::valuef::ValueF;
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::error::TypeError;
+use crate::syntax::{Label, V};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 enum CtxItem {
diff --git a/dhall/src/core/mod.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/core/mod.rs
index 08213f7..08213f7 100644
--- a/dhall/src/core/mod.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/core/mod.rs
diff --git a/dhall/src/core/value.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/core/value.rs
index d4f5131..6e6739f 100644
--- a/dhall/src/core/value.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/core/value.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 use std::cell::{Ref, RefCell, RefMut};
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{Builtin, Const, Span};
-
-use crate::core::context::TypecheckContext;
-use crate::core::valuef::ValueF;
-use crate::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
-use crate::error::{TypeError, TypeMessage};
-use crate::phase::normalize::{apply_any, normalize_whnf};
-use crate::phase::typecheck::{builtin_to_value, const_to_value};
-use crate::phase::{NormalizedExpr, Typed};
+use crate::semantics::core::context::TypecheckContext;
+use crate::semantics::core::valuef::ValueF;
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::error::{TypeError, TypeMessage};
+use crate::semantics::phase::normalize::{apply_any, normalize_whnf};
+use crate::semantics::phase::typecheck::{builtin_to_value, const_to_value};
+use crate::semantics::phase::{NormalizedExpr, Typed};
+use crate::syntax::{Builtin, Const, Span};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) enum Form {
diff --git a/dhall/src/core/valuef.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/core/valuef.rs
index e5d0807..73c715a 100644
--- a/dhall/src/core/valuef.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/core/valuef.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{
+use crate::semantics::core::value::{ToExprOptions, Value};
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{AlphaLabel, AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::phase::typecheck::rc;
+use crate::semantics::phase::{Normalized, NormalizedExpr};
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::{
     Builtin, Const, ExprF, Integer, InterpolatedTextContents, Label,
     NaiveDouble, Natural,
 };
 
-use crate::core::value::{ToExprOptions, Value};
-use crate::core::var::{AlphaLabel, AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
-use crate::phase::typecheck::rc;
-use crate::phase::{Normalized, NormalizedExpr};
-
 /// A semantic value. Subexpressions are Values, which are partially evaluated expressions that are
 /// normalized on-demand.
 /// If you compare for equality two `ValueF`s in WHNF, then equality will be up to
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl ValueF {
                     .collect(),
             )),
             ValueF::Equivalence(x, y) => rc(ExprF::BinOp(
-                dhall_syntax::BinOp::Equivalence,
+                syntax::BinOp::Equivalence,
                 x.to_expr(opts),
                 y.to_expr(opts),
             )),
diff --git a/dhall/src/core/var.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/core/var.rs
index 3795f10..184a372 100644
--- a/dhall/src/core/var.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/core/var.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{Label, V};
+use crate::syntax::{ExprF, InterpolatedTextContents, Label, V};
 
 /// Stores a pair of variables: a normal one and one
 /// that corresponds to the alpha-normalized version of the first one.
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<T: Shift> Shift for std::cell::RefCell<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Shift, E: Clone> Shift for dhall_syntax::ExprF<T, E> {
+impl<T: Shift, E: Clone> Shift for ExprF<T, E> {
     fn shift(&self, delta: isize, var: &AlphaVar) -> Option<Self> {
         Some(self.traverse_ref_with_special_handling_of_binders(
             |v| Ok(v.shift(delta, var)?),
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Shift> Shift for dhall_syntax::InterpolatedTextContents<T> {
+impl<T: Shift> Shift for InterpolatedTextContents<T> {
     fn shift(&self, delta: isize, var: &AlphaVar) -> Option<Self> {
         Some(self.traverse_ref(|x| Ok(x.shift(delta, var)?))?)
     }
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ impl<S, T: Subst<S>> Subst<S> for std::cell::RefCell<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<S: Shift, T: Subst<S>, E: Clone> Subst<S> for dhall_syntax::ExprF<T, E> {
+impl<S: Shift, T: Subst<S>, E: Clone> Subst<S> for ExprF<T, E> {
     fn subst_shift(&self, var: &AlphaVar, val: &S) -> Self {
         self.map_ref_with_special_handling_of_binders(
             |v| v.subst_shift(var, val),
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ impl<S, T: Subst<S>> Subst<S> for Vec<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, T: Subst<S>> Subst<S> for dhall_syntax::InterpolatedTextContents<T> {
+impl<S, T: Subst<S>> Subst<S> for InterpolatedTextContents<T> {
     fn subst_shift(&self, var: &AlphaVar, val: &S) -> Self {
         self.map_ref(|x| x.subst_shift(var, val))
     }
diff --git a/dhall/src/error/mod.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/error/mod.rs
index e4baea0..1288c12 100644
--- a/dhall/src/error/mod.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/error/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use std::io::Error as IOError;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{BinOp, Import, Label, ParseError, Span};
-
-use crate::core::context::TypecheckContext;
-use crate::core::value::Value;
-use crate::phase::resolve::ImportStack;
-use crate::phase::NormalizedExpr;
+use crate::semantics::core::context::TypecheckContext;
+use crate::semantics::core::value::Value;
+use crate::semantics::phase::resolve::ImportStack;
+use crate::semantics::phase::NormalizedExpr;
+use crate::syntax::{BinOp, Import, Label, ParseError, Span};
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 
diff --git a/dhall/src/semantics/mod.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2e462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod core;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod phase;
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/mod.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/mod.rs
index 337ce3d..752c257 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/mod.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{Builtin, Const, Expr};
-
-use crate::core::value::{ToExprOptions, Value};
-use crate::core::valuef::ValueF;
-use crate::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
-use crate::error::{EncodeError, Error, ImportError, TypeError};
-
+use crate::semantics::core::value::{ToExprOptions, Value};
+use crate::semantics::core::valuef::ValueF;
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::error::{EncodeError, Error, ImportError, TypeError};
+use crate::syntax::binary;
+use crate::syntax::{Builtin, Const, Expr};
 use resolve::ImportRoot;
 
-pub(crate) mod binary;
 pub(crate) mod normalize;
 pub(crate) mod parse;
 pub(crate) mod resolve;
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ impl Parsed {
     }
 
     pub fn encode(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, EncodeError> {
-        crate::phase::binary::encode(&self.0)
+        binary::encode(&self.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -172,7 +170,7 @@ impl Typed {
 
 impl Normalized {
     pub fn encode(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, EncodeError> {
-        crate::phase::binary::encode(&self.to_expr())
+        binary::encode(&self.to_expr())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn to_expr(&self) -> NormalizedExpr {
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/normalize.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/normalize.rs
index b712027..81c3ce1 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/normalize.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/normalize.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use dhall_syntax::Const::Type;
-use dhall_syntax::{
+use crate::semantics::core::value::Value;
+use crate::semantics::core::valuef::ValueF;
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{AlphaLabel, AlphaVar, Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::phase::Normalized;
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::Const::Type;
+use crate::syntax::{
     BinOp, Builtin, ExprF, InterpolatedText, InterpolatedTextContents, Label,
     NaiveDouble,
 };
 
-use crate::core::value::Value;
-use crate::core::valuef::ValueF;
-use crate::core::var::{AlphaLabel, Shift, Subst};
-use crate::phase::Normalized;
-
 // Ad-hoc macro to help construct closures
 macro_rules! make_closure {
     (#$var:ident) => { $var.clone() };
     (var($var:ident, $n:expr, $($ty:tt)*)) => {{
-        let var = crate::core::var::AlphaVar::from_var_and_alpha(
+        let var = AlphaVar::from_var_and_alpha(
             Label::from(stringify!($var)).into(),
             $n
         );
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ macro_rules! make_closure {
     }};
     (1 + $($rest:tt)*) => {
         ValueF::PartialExpr(ExprF::BinOp(
-            dhall_syntax::BinOp::NaturalPlus,
+            syntax::BinOp::NaturalPlus,
             make_closure!($($rest)*),
             Value::from_valuef_and_type(
                 ValueF::NaturalLit(1),
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ macro_rules! make_closure {
         let tail = make_closure!($($tail)*);
         let list_type = tail.get_type_not_sort();
         ValueF::PartialExpr(ExprF::BinOp(
-            dhall_syntax::BinOp::ListAppend,
+            syntax::BinOp::ListAppend,
             ValueF::NEListLit(vec![head])
                 .into_value_with_type(list_type.clone()),
             tail,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub(crate) fn apply_builtin(
     args: Vec<Value>,
     ty: &Value,
 ) -> ValueF {
-    use dhall_syntax::Builtin::*;
+    use syntax::Builtin::*;
     use ValueF::*;
 
     // Small helper enum
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/parse.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/parse.rs
index 540ceea..4c8ad7b 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/parse.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/parse.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Read;
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use dhall_syntax::parse_expr;
-
-use crate::error::Error;
-use crate::phase::resolve::ImportRoot;
-use crate::phase::Parsed;
+use crate::semantics::error::Error;
+use crate::semantics::phase::resolve::ImportRoot;
+use crate::semantics::phase::Parsed;
+use crate::syntax::binary;
+use crate::syntax::parse_expr;
 
 pub(crate) fn parse_file(f: &Path) -> Result<Parsed, Error> {
     let mut buffer = String::new();
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_str(s: &str) -> Result<Parsed, Error> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn parse_binary(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Parsed, Error> {
-    let expr = crate::phase::binary::decode(data)?;
+    let expr = binary::decode(data)?;
     let root = ImportRoot::LocalDir(std::env::current_dir()?);
     Ok(Parsed(expr, root))
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_binary(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Parsed, Error> {
 pub(crate) fn parse_binary_file(f: &Path) -> Result<Parsed, Error> {
     let mut buffer = Vec::new();
     File::open(f)?.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
-    let expr = crate::phase::binary::decode(&buffer)?;
+    let expr = binary::decode(&buffer)?;
     let root = ImportRoot::LocalDir(f.parent().unwrap().to_owned());
     Ok(Parsed(expr, root))
 }
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/resolve.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/resolve.rs
index c302bfa..86dc7ae 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/resolve.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/resolve.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use crate::error::{Error, ImportError};
-use crate::phase::{Normalized, NormalizedExpr, Parsed, Resolved};
-use dhall_syntax::{FilePath, ImportLocation, URL};
+use crate::semantics::error::{Error, ImportError};
+use crate::semantics::phase::{Normalized, NormalizedExpr, Parsed, Resolved};
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::{FilePath, ImportLocation, URL};
 
-type Import = dhall_syntax::Import<NormalizedExpr>;
+type Import = syntax::Import<NormalizedExpr>;
 
 /// A root from which to resolve relative imports.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ fn resolve_import(
     import_stack: &ImportStack,
 ) -> Result<Normalized, ImportError> {
     use self::ImportRoot::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::FilePrefix::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::ImportLocation::*;
+    use syntax::FilePrefix::*;
+    use syntax::ImportLocation::*;
     let cwd = match root {
         LocalDir(cwd) => cwd,
     };
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/typecheck.rs b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/typecheck.rs
index ef8340d..59380a3 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/typecheck.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/semantics/phase/typecheck.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
 use std::cmp::max;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use dhall_syntax::{
+use crate::semantics::core::context::TypecheckContext;
+use crate::semantics::core::value::Value;
+use crate::semantics::core::valuef::ValueF;
+use crate::semantics::core::var::{Shift, Subst};
+use crate::semantics::error::{TypeError, TypeMessage};
+use crate::semantics::phase::normalize::merge_maps;
+use crate::semantics::phase::Normalized;
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::{
     Builtin, Const, Expr, ExprF, InterpolatedTextContents, Label, RawExpr, Span,
 };
 
-use crate::core::context::TypecheckContext;
-use crate::core::value::Value;
-use crate::core::valuef::ValueF;
-use crate::core::var::{Shift, Subst};
-use crate::error::{TypeError, TypeMessage};
-use crate::phase::Normalized;
-
 fn tck_pi_type(
     ctx: &TypecheckContext,
     x: Label,
     tx: Value,
     te: Value,
 ) -> Result<Value, TypeError> {
-    use crate::error::TypeMessage::*;
+    use TypeMessage::*;
     let ctx2 = ctx.insert_type(&x, tx.clone());
 
     let ka = match tx.get_type()?.as_const() {
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@ fn tck_record_type(
     ctx: &TypecheckContext,
     kts: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<(Label, Value), TypeError>>,
 ) -> Result<Value, TypeError> {
-    use crate::error::TypeMessage::*;
     use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+    use TypeMessage::*;
     let mut new_kts = HashMap::new();
     // An empty record type has type Type
     let mut k = Const::Type;
@@ -83,8 +84,8 @@ fn tck_union_type<Iter>(
 where
     Iter: IntoIterator<Item = Result<(Label, Option<Value>), TypeError>>,
 {
-    use crate::error::TypeMessage::*;
     use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+    use TypeMessage::*;
     let mut new_kts = HashMap::new();
     // Check that all types are the same const
     let mut k = None;
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ macro_rules! make_type {
     (Double) => { ExprF::Builtin(Builtin::Double) };
     (Text) => { ExprF::Builtin(Builtin::Text) };
     ($var:ident) => {
-        ExprF::Var(dhall_syntax::V(stringify!($var).into(), 0))
+        ExprF::Var(syntax::V(stringify!($var).into(), 0))
     };
     (Optional $ty:ident) => {
         ExprF::App(
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ macro_rules! make_type {
         )
     };
     ({ $($label:ident : $ty:ident),* }) => {{
-        let mut kts = dhall_syntax::map::DupTreeMap::new();
+        let mut kts = syntax::map::DupTreeMap::new();
         $(
             kts.insert(
                 Label::from(stringify!($label)),
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ macro_rules! make_type {
 }
 
 fn type_of_builtin<E>(b: Builtin) -> Expr<E> {
-    use dhall_syntax::Builtin::*;
+    use syntax::Builtin::*;
     rc(match b {
         Bool | Natural | Integer | Double | Text => make_type!(Type),
         List | Optional => make_type!(
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ fn type_with(
     ctx: &TypecheckContext,
     e: Expr<Normalized>,
 ) -> Result<Value, TypeError> {
-    use dhall_syntax::ExprF::{Annot, Embed, Lam, Let, Pi, Var};
+    use syntax::ExprF::{Annot, Embed, Lam, Let, Pi, Var};
     let span = e.span();
 
     Ok(match e.as_ref() {
@@ -361,11 +362,11 @@ fn type_last_layer(
     e: ExprF<Value, Normalized>,
     span: Span,
 ) -> Result<Value, TypeError> {
-    use crate::error::TypeMessage::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::BinOp::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::Builtin::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::Const::Type;
-    use dhall_syntax::ExprF::*;
+    use syntax::BinOp::*;
+    use syntax::Builtin::*;
+    use syntax::Const::Type;
+    use syntax::ExprF::*;
+    use TypeMessage::*;
     let mkerr = |msg: TypeMessage| Err(TypeError::new(ctx, msg));
 
     /// Intermediary return type
@@ -434,7 +435,7 @@ fn type_last_layer(
         }
         EmptyListLit(t) => {
             match &*t.as_whnf() {
-                ValueF::AppliedBuiltin(dhall_syntax::Builtin::List, args)
+                ValueF::AppliedBuiltin(syntax::Builtin::List, args)
                     if args.len() == 1 => {}
                 _ => return mkerr(InvalidListType(t.clone())),
             }
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ fn type_last_layer(
                 return mkerr(InvalidListType(t));
             }
 
-            RetTypeOnly(Value::from_builtin(dhall_syntax::Builtin::List).app(t))
+            RetTypeOnly(Value::from_builtin(syntax::Builtin::List).app(t))
         }
         SomeLit(x) => {
             let t = x.get_type()?;
@@ -465,9 +466,7 @@ fn type_last_layer(
                 return mkerr(InvalidOptionalType(t));
             }
 
-            RetTypeOnly(
-                Value::from_builtin(dhall_syntax::Builtin::Optional).app(t),
-            )
+            RetTypeOnly(Value::from_builtin(syntax::Builtin::Optional).app(t))
         }
         RecordType(kts) => RetWhole(tck_record_type(
             ctx,
@@ -548,8 +547,6 @@ fn type_last_layer(
             RetTypeOnly(text_type)
         }
         BinOp(RightBiasedRecordMerge, l, r) => {
-            use crate::phase::normalize::merge_maps;
-
             let l_type = l.get_type()?;
             let r_type = r.get_type()?;
 
@@ -589,8 +586,6 @@ fn type_last_layer(
             Span::Artificial,
         )?),
         BinOp(RecursiveRecordTypeMerge, l, r) => {
-            use crate::phase::normalize::merge_maps;
-
             // Extract the LHS record type
             let borrow_l = l.as_whnf();
             let kts_x = match &*borrow_l {
diff --git a/dhall/src/phase/binary.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/decode.rs
index 0639120..46c9921 100644
--- a/dhall/src/phase/binary.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/decode.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use serde_cbor::value::value as cbor;
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
-use std::vec;
 
-use dhall_syntax::map::DupTreeMap;
-use dhall_syntax::{
-    Expr, ExprF, FilePath, FilePrefix, Hash, Import, ImportLocation,
-    ImportMode, Integer, InterpolatedText, Label, Natural, RawExpr, Scheme,
-    Span, URL, V,
+use crate::semantics::error::DecodeError;
+use crate::semantics::phase::DecodedExpr;
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::{
+    Expr, ExprF, FilePath, FilePrefix, Hash, ImportLocation, ImportMode,
+    Integer, InterpolatedText, Label, Natural, RawExpr, Scheme, Span, URL, V,
 };
 
-use crate::error::{DecodeError, EncodeError};
-use crate::phase::DecodedExpr;
-
 pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Result<DecodedExpr, DecodeError> {
     match serde_cbor::de::from_slice(data) {
         Ok(v) => cbor_value_to_dhall(&v),
@@ -20,19 +17,14 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Result<DecodedExpr, DecodeError> {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn encode<E>(expr: &Expr<E>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, EncodeError> {
-    serde_cbor::ser::to_vec(&Serialize::Expr(expr))
-        .map_err(|e| EncodeError::CBORError(e))
-}
-
 // Should probably rename this
-pub fn rc<E>(x: RawExpr<E>) -> Expr<E> {
+fn rc<E>(x: RawExpr<E>) -> Expr<E> {
     Expr::new(x, Span::Decoded)
 }
 
 fn cbor_value_to_dhall(data: &cbor::Value) -> Result<DecodedExpr, DecodeError> {
     use cbor::Value::*;
-    use dhall_syntax::{BinOp, Builtin, Const};
+    use syntax::{BinOp, Builtin, Const};
     use ExprF::*;
     Ok(rc(match data {
         String(s) => match Builtin::parse(s) {
@@ -350,7 +342,7 @@ fn cbor_value_to_dhall(data: &cbor::Value) -> Result<DecodedExpr, DecodeError> {
                         "import/type".to_owned(),
                     ))?,
                 };
-                Import(dhall_syntax::Import {
+                Import(syntax::Import {
                     mode,
                     hash,
                     location,
@@ -443,306 +435,3 @@ where
         })
         .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
 }
-
-enum Serialize<'a, E> {
-    Expr(&'a Expr<E>),
-    CBOR(cbor::Value),
-    RecordMap(&'a DupTreeMap<Label, Expr<E>>),
-    UnionMap(&'a DupTreeMap<Label, Option<Expr<E>>>),
-}
-
-macro_rules! count {
-    (@replace_with $_t:tt $sub:expr) => { $sub };
-    ($($tts:tt)*) => {0usize $(+ count!(@replace_with $tts 1usize))*};
-}
-
-macro_rules! ser_seq {
-    ($ser:expr; $($elt:expr),* $(,)?) => {{
-        use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
-        let count = count!($($elt)*);
-        let mut ser_seq = $ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
-        $(
-            ser_seq.serialize_element(&$elt)?;
-        )*
-        ser_seq.end()
-    }};
-}
-
-fn serialize_subexpr<S, E>(ser: S, e: &Expr<E>) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-where
-    S: serde::ser::Serializer,
-{
-    use cbor::Value::{String, I64, U64};
-    use dhall_syntax::Builtin;
-    use dhall_syntax::ExprF::*;
-    use std::iter::once;
-
-    use self::Serialize::{RecordMap, UnionMap};
-    fn expr<E>(x: &Expr<E>) -> self::Serialize<'_, E> {
-        self::Serialize::Expr(x)
-    }
-    let cbor =
-        |v: cbor::Value| -> self::Serialize<'_, E> { self::Serialize::CBOR(v) };
-    let tag = |x: u64| cbor(U64(x));
-    let null = || cbor(cbor::Value::Null);
-    let label = |l: &Label| cbor(cbor::Value::String(l.into()));
-
-    match e.as_ref() {
-        Const(c) => ser.serialize_str(&c.to_string()),
-        Builtin(b) => ser.serialize_str(&b.to_string()),
-        BoolLit(b) => ser.serialize_bool(*b),
-        NaturalLit(n) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(15), U64(*n as u64)),
-        IntegerLit(n) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(16), I64(*n as i64)),
-        DoubleLit(n) => {
-            let n: f64 = (*n).into();
-            ser.serialize_f64(n)
-        }
-        BoolIf(x, y, z) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(14), expr(x), expr(y), expr(z)),
-        Var(V(l, n)) if l == &"_".into() => ser.serialize_u64(*n as u64),
-        Var(V(l, n)) => ser_seq!(ser; label(l), U64(*n as u64)),
-        Lam(l, x, y) if l == &"_".into() => {
-            ser_seq!(ser; tag(1), expr(x), expr(y))
-        }
-        Lam(l, x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(1), label(l), expr(x), expr(y)),
-        Pi(l, x, y) if l == &"_".into() => {
-            ser_seq!(ser; tag(2), expr(x), expr(y))
-        }
-        Pi(l, x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(2), label(l), expr(x), expr(y)),
-        Let(_, _, _, _) => {
-            let (bound_e, bindings) = collect_nested_lets(e);
-            let count = 1 + 3 * bindings.len() + 1;
-
-            use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
-            let mut ser_seq = ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
-            ser_seq.serialize_element(&tag(25))?;
-            for (l, t, v) in bindings {
-                ser_seq.serialize_element(&label(l))?;
-                match t {
-                    Some(t) => ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(t))?,
-                    None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&null())?,
-                }
-                ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(v))?;
-            }
-            ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(bound_e))?;
-            ser_seq.end()
-        }
-        App(_, _) => {
-            let (f, args) = collect_nested_applications(e);
-            ser.collect_seq(
-                once(tag(0))
-                    .chain(once(expr(f)))
-                    .chain(args.into_iter().rev().map(expr)),
-            )
-        }
-        Annot(x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(26), expr(x), expr(y)),
-        Assert(x) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(19), expr(x)),
-        SomeLit(x) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(5), null(), expr(x)),
-        EmptyListLit(x) => match x.as_ref() {
-            App(f, a) => match f.as_ref() {
-                ExprF::Builtin(Builtin::List) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(4), expr(a)),
-                _ => ser_seq!(ser; tag(28), expr(x)),
-            },
-            _ => ser_seq!(ser; tag(28), expr(x)),
-        },
-        NEListLit(xs) => ser.collect_seq(
-            once(tag(4)).chain(once(null())).chain(xs.iter().map(expr)),
-        ),
-        TextLit(xs) => {
-            use dhall_syntax::InterpolatedTextContents::{Expr, Text};
-            ser.collect_seq(once(tag(18)).chain(xs.iter().map(|x| match x {
-                Expr(x) => expr(x),
-                Text(x) => cbor(String(x.clone())),
-            })))
-        }
-        RecordType(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(7), RecordMap(map)),
-        RecordLit(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(8), RecordMap(map)),
-        UnionType(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(11), UnionMap(map)),
-        Field(x, l) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(9), expr(x), label(l)),
-        BinOp(op, x, y) => {
-            use dhall_syntax::BinOp::*;
-            let op = match op {
-                BoolOr => 0,
-                BoolAnd => 1,
-                BoolEQ => 2,
-                BoolNE => 3,
-                NaturalPlus => 4,
-                NaturalTimes => 5,
-                TextAppend => 6,
-                ListAppend => 7,
-                RecursiveRecordMerge => 8,
-                RightBiasedRecordMerge => 9,
-                RecursiveRecordTypeMerge => 10,
-                ImportAlt => 11,
-                Equivalence => 12,
-            };
-            ser_seq!(ser; tag(3), U64(op), expr(x), expr(y))
-        }
-        Merge(x, y, None) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(6), expr(x), expr(y)),
-        Merge(x, y, Some(z)) => {
-            ser_seq!(ser; tag(6), expr(x), expr(y), expr(z))
-        }
-        ToMap(x, None) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(27), expr(x)),
-        ToMap(x, Some(y)) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(27), expr(x), expr(y)),
-        Projection(x, ls) => ser.collect_seq(
-            once(tag(10))
-                .chain(once(expr(x)))
-                .chain(ls.iter().map(label)),
-        ),
-        ProjectionByExpr(x, y) => {
-            ser_seq!(ser; tag(10), expr(x), vec![expr(y)])
-        }
-        Import(import) => serialize_import(ser, import),
-        Embed(_) => unimplemented!(
-            "An expression with resolved imports cannot be binary-encoded"
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
-fn serialize_import<S, E>(
-    ser: S,
-    import: &Import<Expr<E>>,
-) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-where
-    S: serde::ser::Serializer,
-{
-    use cbor::Value::{Bytes, Null, U64};
-    use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
-
-    let count = 4 + match &import.location {
-        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => 3 + url.path.file_path.len(),
-        ImportLocation::Local(_, path) => path.file_path.len(),
-        ImportLocation::Env(_) => 1,
-        ImportLocation::Missing => 0,
-    };
-    let mut ser_seq = ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
-
-    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(24))?;
-
-    let hash = match &import.hash {
-        None => Null,
-        Some(Hash::SHA256(h)) => {
-            let mut bytes = vec![18, 32];
-            bytes.extend_from_slice(h);
-            Bytes(bytes)
-        }
-    };
-    ser_seq.serialize_element(&hash)?;
-
-    let mode = match import.mode {
-        ImportMode::Code => 0,
-        ImportMode::RawText => 1,
-        ImportMode::Location => 2,
-    };
-    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(mode))?;
-
-    let scheme = match &import.location {
-        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => match url.scheme {
-            Scheme::HTTP => 0,
-            Scheme::HTTPS => 1,
-        },
-        ImportLocation::Local(prefix, _) => match prefix {
-            FilePrefix::Absolute => 2,
-            FilePrefix::Here => 3,
-            FilePrefix::Parent => 4,
-            FilePrefix::Home => 5,
-        },
-        ImportLocation::Env(_) => 6,
-        ImportLocation::Missing => 7,
-    };
-    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(scheme))?;
-
-    match &import.location {
-        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => {
-            match &url.headers {
-                None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&Null)?,
-                Some(e) => {
-                    ser_seq.serialize_element(&self::Serialize::Expr(e))?
-                }
-            };
-            ser_seq.serialize_element(&url.authority)?;
-            for p in url.path.file_path.iter() {
-                ser_seq.serialize_element(&p)?;
-            }
-            match &url.query {
-                None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&Null)?,
-                Some(x) => ser_seq.serialize_element(x)?,
-            };
-        }
-        ImportLocation::Local(_, path) => {
-            for p in path.file_path.iter() {
-                ser_seq.serialize_element(&p)?;
-            }
-        }
-        ImportLocation::Env(env) => {
-            ser_seq.serialize_element(env)?;
-        }
-        ImportLocation::Missing => {}
-    }
-
-    ser_seq.end()
-}
-
-impl<'a, E> serde::ser::Serialize for Serialize<'a, E> {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::ser::Serializer,
-    {
-        match self {
-            Serialize::Expr(e) => serialize_subexpr(ser, e),
-            Serialize::CBOR(v) => v.serialize(ser),
-            Serialize::RecordMap(map) => {
-                ser.collect_map(map.iter().map(|(k, v)| {
-                    (cbor::Value::String(k.into()), Serialize::Expr(v))
-                }))
-            }
-            Serialize::UnionMap(map) => {
-                ser.collect_map(map.iter().map(|(k, v)| {
-                    let v = match v {
-                        Some(x) => Serialize::Expr(x),
-                        None => Serialize::CBOR(cbor::Value::Null),
-                    };
-                    (cbor::Value::String(k.into()), v)
-                }))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn collect_nested_applications<'a, E>(
-    e: &'a Expr<E>,
-) -> (&'a Expr<E>, Vec<&'a Expr<E>>) {
-    fn go<'a, E>(e: &'a Expr<E>, vec: &mut Vec<&'a Expr<E>>) -> &'a Expr<E> {
-        match e.as_ref() {
-            ExprF::App(f, a) => {
-                vec.push(a);
-                go(f, vec)
-            }
-            _ => e,
-        }
-    }
-    let mut vec = vec![];
-    let e = go(e, &mut vec);
-    (e, vec)
-}
-
-type LetBinding<'a, E> = (&'a Label, &'a Option<Expr<E>>, &'a Expr<E>);
-
-fn collect_nested_lets<'a, E>(
-    e: &'a Expr<E>,
-) -> (&'a Expr<E>, Vec<LetBinding<'a, E>>) {
-    fn go<'a, E>(
-        e: &'a Expr<E>,
-        vec: &mut Vec<LetBinding<'a, E>>,
-    ) -> &'a Expr<E> {
-        match e.as_ref() {
-            ExprF::Let(l, t, v, e) => {
-                vec.push((l, t, v));
-                go(e, vec)
-            }
-            _ => e,
-        }
-    }
-    let mut vec = vec![];
-    let e = go(e, &mut vec);
-    (e, vec)
-}
diff --git a/dhall/src/syntax/binary/encode.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/encode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e13efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/encode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+use serde_cbor::value::value as cbor;
+use std::vec;
+
+use crate::semantics::error::EncodeError;
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::map::DupTreeMap;
+use crate::syntax::{
+    Expr, ExprF, FilePrefix, Hash, Import, ImportLocation, ImportMode, Label,
+    Scheme, V,
+};
+
+/// Warning: will fail if `expr` contains an `Embed` node.
+pub(crate) fn encode<E>(expr: &Expr<E>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, EncodeError> {
+    serde_cbor::ser::to_vec(&Serialize::Expr(expr))
+        .map_err(|e| EncodeError::CBORError(e))
+}
+
+enum Serialize<'a, E> {
+    Expr(&'a Expr<E>),
+    CBOR(cbor::Value),
+    RecordMap(&'a DupTreeMap<Label, Expr<E>>),
+    UnionMap(&'a DupTreeMap<Label, Option<Expr<E>>>),
+}
+
+macro_rules! count {
+    (@replace_with $_t:tt $sub:expr) => { $sub };
+    ($($tts:tt)*) => {0usize $(+ count!(@replace_with $tts 1usize))*};
+}
+
+macro_rules! ser_seq {
+    ($ser:expr; $($elt:expr),* $(,)?) => {{
+        use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
+        let count = count!($($elt)*);
+        let mut ser_seq = $ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
+        $(
+            ser_seq.serialize_element(&$elt)?;
+        )*
+        ser_seq.end()
+    }};
+}
+
+fn serialize_subexpr<S, E>(ser: S, e: &Expr<E>) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::ser::Serializer,
+{
+    use cbor::Value::{String, I64, U64};
+    use std::iter::once;
+    use syntax::Builtin;
+    use syntax::ExprF::*;
+
+    use self::Serialize::{RecordMap, UnionMap};
+    fn expr<E>(x: &Expr<E>) -> self::Serialize<'_, E> {
+        self::Serialize::Expr(x)
+    }
+    let cbor =
+        |v: cbor::Value| -> self::Serialize<'_, E> { self::Serialize::CBOR(v) };
+    let tag = |x: u64| cbor(U64(x));
+    let null = || cbor(cbor::Value::Null);
+    let label = |l: &Label| cbor(cbor::Value::String(l.into()));
+
+    match e.as_ref() {
+        Const(c) => ser.serialize_str(&c.to_string()),
+        Builtin(b) => ser.serialize_str(&b.to_string()),
+        BoolLit(b) => ser.serialize_bool(*b),
+        NaturalLit(n) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(15), U64(*n as u64)),
+        IntegerLit(n) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(16), I64(*n as i64)),
+        DoubleLit(n) => {
+            let n: f64 = (*n).into();
+            ser.serialize_f64(n)
+        }
+        BoolIf(x, y, z) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(14), expr(x), expr(y), expr(z)),
+        Var(V(l, n)) if l == &"_".into() => ser.serialize_u64(*n as u64),
+        Var(V(l, n)) => ser_seq!(ser; label(l), U64(*n as u64)),
+        Lam(l, x, y) if l == &"_".into() => {
+            ser_seq!(ser; tag(1), expr(x), expr(y))
+        }
+        Lam(l, x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(1), label(l), expr(x), expr(y)),
+        Pi(l, x, y) if l == &"_".into() => {
+            ser_seq!(ser; tag(2), expr(x), expr(y))
+        }
+        Pi(l, x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(2), label(l), expr(x), expr(y)),
+        Let(_, _, _, _) => {
+            let (bound_e, bindings) = collect_nested_lets(e);
+            let count = 1 + 3 * bindings.len() + 1;
+
+            use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
+            let mut ser_seq = ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
+            ser_seq.serialize_element(&tag(25))?;
+            for (l, t, v) in bindings {
+                ser_seq.serialize_element(&label(l))?;
+                match t {
+                    Some(t) => ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(t))?,
+                    None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&null())?,
+                }
+                ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(v))?;
+            }
+            ser_seq.serialize_element(&expr(bound_e))?;
+            ser_seq.end()
+        }
+        App(_, _) => {
+            let (f, args) = collect_nested_applications(e);
+            ser.collect_seq(
+                once(tag(0))
+                    .chain(once(expr(f)))
+                    .chain(args.into_iter().rev().map(expr)),
+            )
+        }
+        Annot(x, y) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(26), expr(x), expr(y)),
+        Assert(x) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(19), expr(x)),
+        SomeLit(x) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(5), null(), expr(x)),
+        EmptyListLit(x) => match x.as_ref() {
+            App(f, a) => match f.as_ref() {
+                ExprF::Builtin(Builtin::List) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(4), expr(a)),
+                _ => ser_seq!(ser; tag(28), expr(x)),
+            },
+            _ => ser_seq!(ser; tag(28), expr(x)),
+        },
+        NEListLit(xs) => ser.collect_seq(
+            once(tag(4)).chain(once(null())).chain(xs.iter().map(expr)),
+        ),
+        TextLit(xs) => {
+            use syntax::InterpolatedTextContents::{Expr, Text};
+            ser.collect_seq(once(tag(18)).chain(xs.iter().map(|x| match x {
+                Expr(x) => expr(x),
+                Text(x) => cbor(String(x.clone())),
+            })))
+        }
+        RecordType(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(7), RecordMap(map)),
+        RecordLit(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(8), RecordMap(map)),
+        UnionType(map) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(11), UnionMap(map)),
+        Field(x, l) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(9), expr(x), label(l)),
+        BinOp(op, x, y) => {
+            use syntax::BinOp::*;
+            let op = match op {
+                BoolOr => 0,
+                BoolAnd => 1,
+                BoolEQ => 2,
+                BoolNE => 3,
+                NaturalPlus => 4,
+                NaturalTimes => 5,
+                TextAppend => 6,
+                ListAppend => 7,
+                RecursiveRecordMerge => 8,
+                RightBiasedRecordMerge => 9,
+                RecursiveRecordTypeMerge => 10,
+                ImportAlt => 11,
+                Equivalence => 12,
+            };
+            ser_seq!(ser; tag(3), U64(op), expr(x), expr(y))
+        }
+        Merge(x, y, None) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(6), expr(x), expr(y)),
+        Merge(x, y, Some(z)) => {
+            ser_seq!(ser; tag(6), expr(x), expr(y), expr(z))
+        }
+        ToMap(x, None) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(27), expr(x)),
+        ToMap(x, Some(y)) => ser_seq!(ser; tag(27), expr(x), expr(y)),
+        Projection(x, ls) => ser.collect_seq(
+            once(tag(10))
+                .chain(once(expr(x)))
+                .chain(ls.iter().map(label)),
+        ),
+        ProjectionByExpr(x, y) => {
+            ser_seq!(ser; tag(10), expr(x), vec![expr(y)])
+        }
+        Import(import) => serialize_import(ser, import),
+        Embed(_) => unimplemented!(
+            "An expression with resolved imports cannot be binary-encoded"
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_import<S, E>(
+    ser: S,
+    import: &Import<Expr<E>>,
+) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::ser::Serializer,
+{
+    use cbor::Value::{Bytes, Null, U64};
+    use serde::ser::SerializeSeq;
+
+    let count = 4 + match &import.location {
+        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => 3 + url.path.file_path.len(),
+        ImportLocation::Local(_, path) => path.file_path.len(),
+        ImportLocation::Env(_) => 1,
+        ImportLocation::Missing => 0,
+    };
+    let mut ser_seq = ser.serialize_seq(Some(count))?;
+
+    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(24))?;
+
+    let hash = match &import.hash {
+        None => Null,
+        Some(Hash::SHA256(h)) => {
+            let mut bytes = vec![18, 32];
+            bytes.extend_from_slice(h);
+            Bytes(bytes)
+        }
+    };
+    ser_seq.serialize_element(&hash)?;
+
+    let mode = match import.mode {
+        ImportMode::Code => 0,
+        ImportMode::RawText => 1,
+        ImportMode::Location => 2,
+    };
+    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(mode))?;
+
+    let scheme = match &import.location {
+        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => match url.scheme {
+            Scheme::HTTP => 0,
+            Scheme::HTTPS => 1,
+        },
+        ImportLocation::Local(prefix, _) => match prefix {
+            FilePrefix::Absolute => 2,
+            FilePrefix::Here => 3,
+            FilePrefix::Parent => 4,
+            FilePrefix::Home => 5,
+        },
+        ImportLocation::Env(_) => 6,
+        ImportLocation::Missing => 7,
+    };
+    ser_seq.serialize_element(&U64(scheme))?;
+
+    match &import.location {
+        ImportLocation::Remote(url) => {
+            match &url.headers {
+                None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&Null)?,
+                Some(e) => {
+                    ser_seq.serialize_element(&self::Serialize::Expr(e))?
+                }
+            };
+            ser_seq.serialize_element(&url.authority)?;
+            for p in url.path.file_path.iter() {
+                ser_seq.serialize_element(&p)?;
+            }
+            match &url.query {
+                None => ser_seq.serialize_element(&Null)?,
+                Some(x) => ser_seq.serialize_element(x)?,
+            };
+        }
+        ImportLocation::Local(_, path) => {
+            for p in path.file_path.iter() {
+                ser_seq.serialize_element(&p)?;
+            }
+        }
+        ImportLocation::Env(env) => {
+            ser_seq.serialize_element(env)?;
+        }
+        ImportLocation::Missing => {}
+    }
+
+    ser_seq.end()
+}
+
+impl<'a, E> serde::ser::Serialize for Serialize<'a, E> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::ser::Serializer,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Serialize::Expr(e) => serialize_subexpr(ser, e),
+            Serialize::CBOR(v) => v.serialize(ser),
+            Serialize::RecordMap(map) => {
+                ser.collect_map(map.iter().map(|(k, v)| {
+                    (cbor::Value::String(k.into()), Serialize::Expr(v))
+                }))
+            }
+            Serialize::UnionMap(map) => {
+                ser.collect_map(map.iter().map(|(k, v)| {
+                    let v = match v {
+                        Some(x) => Serialize::Expr(x),
+                        None => Serialize::CBOR(cbor::Value::Null),
+                    };
+                    (cbor::Value::String(k.into()), v)
+                }))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn collect_nested_applications<'a, E>(
+    e: &'a Expr<E>,
+) -> (&'a Expr<E>, Vec<&'a Expr<E>>) {
+    fn go<'a, E>(e: &'a Expr<E>, vec: &mut Vec<&'a Expr<E>>) -> &'a Expr<E> {
+        match e.as_ref() {
+            ExprF::App(f, a) => {
+                vec.push(a);
+                go(f, vec)
+            }
+            _ => e,
+        }
+    }
+    let mut vec = vec![];
+    let e = go(e, &mut vec);
+    (e, vec)
+}
+
+type LetBinding<'a, E> = (&'a Label, &'a Option<Expr<E>>, &'a Expr<E>);
+
+fn collect_nested_lets<'a, E>(
+    e: &'a Expr<E>,
+) -> (&'a Expr<E>, Vec<LetBinding<'a, E>>) {
+    fn go<'a, E>(
+        e: &'a Expr<E>,
+        vec: &mut Vec<LetBinding<'a, E>>,
+    ) -> &'a Expr<E> {
+        match e.as_ref() {
+            ExprF::Let(l, t, v, e) => {
+                vec.push((l, t, v));
+                go(e, vec)
+            }
+            _ => e,
+        }
+    }
+    let mut vec = vec![];
+    let e = go(e, &mut vec);
+    (e, vec)
+}
diff --git a/dhall/src/syntax/binary/mod.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ed1f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/binary/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+mod decode;
+mod encode;
+pub(crate) use decode::decode;
+pub(crate) use encode::encode;
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/context.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/context.rs
index 6844baa..6844baa 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/context.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/context.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/expr.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/expr.rs
index 131f97e..5b9f401 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/expr.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/expr.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use crate::map::{DupTreeMap, DupTreeSet};
-use crate::visitor::{self, ExprFMutVisitor, ExprFVisitor};
-use crate::*;
+use crate::syntax::map::{DupTreeMap, DupTreeSet};
+use crate::syntax::visitor::{self, ExprFMutVisitor, ExprFVisitor};
+use crate::syntax::*;
 
 pub type Integer = isize;
 pub type Natural = usize;
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl<E> Expr<E> {
 }
 
 /// Add an isize to an usize
-/// Panics on over/underflow
+/// Returns `None` on over/underflow
 fn add_ui(u: usize, i: isize) -> Option<usize> {
     Some(if i < 0 {
         u.checked_sub(i.checked_neg()? as usize)?
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/import.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/import.rs
index da3e99b..da3e99b 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/import.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/import.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/label.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/label.rs
index 43c3f53..43c3f53 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/label.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/label.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/map.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/map.rs
index c4c6126..c4c6126 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/map.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/map.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/mod.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/mod.rs
index 66bf229..66bf229 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/mod.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/mod.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/span.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/span.rs
index f9c7008..f9c7008 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/span.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/span.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/text.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/text.rs
index fb390ee..fb390ee 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/text.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/text.rs
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/core/visitor.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/core/visitor.rs
index 143e556..b76d037 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/core/visitor.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/core/visitor.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::*;
+use crate::syntax::*;
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
 /// A visitor trait that can be used to traverse `ExprF`s. We need this pattern so that Rust lets
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ where
             .collect()
     }
 
-    use crate::ExprF::*;
+    use crate::syntax::ExprF::*;
     Ok(match input {
         Var(v) => Var(v.clone()),
         Lam(l, t, e) => {
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    use crate::ExprF::*;
+    use crate::syntax::ExprF::*;
     match input {
         Var(_) | Const(_) | Builtin(_) | BoolLit(_) | NaturalLit(_)
         | IntegerLit(_) | DoubleLit(_) => {}
diff --git a/dhall/src/syntax/mod.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a82e827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#![allow(
+    clippy::many_single_char_names,
+    clippy::should_implement_trait,
+    clippy::new_without_default,
+    clippy::type_complexity
+)]
+
+mod core;
+pub use crate::syntax::core::context;
+pub use crate::syntax::core::visitor;
+pub use crate::syntax::core::*;
+pub use crate::syntax::text::parser::*;
+pub use crate::syntax::text::printer::*;
+pub mod binary;
+pub mod text;
diff --git a/dhall/src/syntax/text/mod.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/text/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c868288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/text/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod parser;
+pub mod printer;
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/parser.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/text/parser.rs
index f5d161f..f6b6577 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/parser.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/text/parser.rs
@@ -3,36 +3,42 @@ use pest::prec_climber as pcl;
 use pest::prec_climber::PrecClimber;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use dgp::Rule;
-use dhall_generated_parser as dgp;
 use pest_consume::{match_nodes, Parser};
 
-use crate::map::{DupTreeMap, DupTreeSet};
-use crate::ExprF::*;
-use crate::*;
+use crate::semantics::phase::Normalized;
+use crate::syntax;
+use crate::syntax::core;
+use crate::syntax::map::{DupTreeMap, DupTreeSet};
+use crate::syntax::ExprF::*;
+use crate::syntax::{
+    FilePath, FilePrefix, Hash, ImportLocation, ImportMode, InterpolatedText,
+    InterpolatedTextContents, Label, NaiveDouble, RawExpr, Scheme, Span, URL,
+    V,
+};
 
 // This file consumes the parse tree generated by pest and turns it into
 // our own AST. All those custom macros should eventually moved into
 // their own crate because they are quite general and useful. For now they
 // are here and hopefully you can figure out how they work.
 
-type ParsedText<E> = InterpolatedText<Expr<E>>;
-type ParsedTextContents<E> = InterpolatedTextContents<Expr<E>>;
+type Expr = syntax::Expr<Normalized>;
+type ParsedText = InterpolatedText<Expr>;
+type ParsedTextContents = InterpolatedTextContents<Expr>;
 type ParseInput<'input> = pest_consume::Node<'input, Rule, Rc<str>>;
 
 pub type ParseError = pest::error::Error<Rule>;
 pub type ParseResult<T> = Result<T, ParseError>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-enum Selector<E> {
+enum Selector {
     Field(Label),
     Projection(DupTreeSet<Label>),
-    ProjectionByExpr(Expr<E>),
+    ProjectionByExpr(Expr),
 }
 
-impl crate::Builtin {
+impl crate::syntax::Builtin {
     pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        use crate::Builtin::*;
+        use crate::syntax::Builtin::*;
         match s {
             "Bool" => Some(Bool),
             "Natural" => Some(Natural),
@@ -71,16 +77,16 @@ impl crate::Builtin {
 fn input_to_span(input: ParseInput) -> Span {
     Span::make(input.user_data().clone(), input.as_pair().as_span())
 }
-fn spanned<E>(input: ParseInput, x: RawExpr<E>) -> Expr<E> {
+fn spanned(input: ParseInput, x: RawExpr<Normalized>) -> Expr {
     Expr::new(x, input_to_span(input))
 }
-fn spanned_union<E>(span1: Span, span2: Span, x: RawExpr<E>) -> Expr<E> {
+fn spanned_union(span1: Span, span2: Span, x: RawExpr<Normalized>) -> Expr {
     Expr::new(x, span1.union(&span2))
 }
 
 // Trim the shared indent off of a vec of lines, as defined by the Dhall semantics of multiline
 // literals.
-fn trim_indent<E: Clone>(lines: &mut Vec<ParsedText<E>>) {
+fn trim_indent(lines: &mut Vec<ParsedText>) {
     let is_indent = |c: char| c == ' ' || c == '\t';
 
     // There is at least one line so this is safe
@@ -147,9 +153,11 @@ lazy_static::lazy_static! {
     };
 }
 
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[grammar = "dhall.pest"]
 struct DhallParser;
 
-#[pest_consume::parser(parser = dgp::DhallParser, rule = dgp::Rule)]
+#[pest_consume::parser(parser = DhallParser, rule = Rule)]
 impl DhallParser {
     fn EOI(_input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<()> {
         Ok(())
@@ -164,9 +172,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
         Ok(Label::from(input.as_str()))
     }
 
-    fn double_quote_literal<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ParsedText<E>> {
+    fn double_quote_literal(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ParsedText> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [double_quote_chunk(chunks)..] => {
                 chunks.collect()
@@ -174,9 +180,9 @@ impl DhallParser {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn double_quote_chunk<E: Clone>(
+    fn double_quote_chunk(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ParsedTextContents<E>> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<ParsedTextContents> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [expression(e)] => {
                 InterpolatedTextContents::Expr(e)
@@ -261,18 +267,16 @@ impl DhallParser {
         Ok(input.as_str().to_owned())
     }
 
-    fn single_quote_literal<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ParsedText<E>> {
+    fn single_quote_literal(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ParsedText> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [single_quote_continue(lines)] => {
-                let newline: ParsedText<E> = "\n".to_string().into();
+                let newline: ParsedText = "\n".to_string().into();
 
                 // Reverse lines and chars in each line
-                let mut lines: Vec<ParsedText<E>> = lines
+                let mut lines: Vec<ParsedText> = lines
                     .into_iter()
                     .rev()
-                    .map(|l| l.into_iter().rev().collect::<ParsedText<E>>())
+                    .map(|l| l.into_iter().rev().collect::<ParsedText>())
                     .collect();
 
                 trim_indent(&mut lines);
@@ -281,7 +285,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
                     .into_iter()
                     .intersperse(newline)
                     .flat_map(InterpolatedText::into_iter)
-                    .collect::<ParsedText<E>>()
+                    .collect::<ParsedText>()
             }
         ))
     }
@@ -298,9 +302,9 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     // Returns a vec of lines in reversed order, where each line is also in reversed order.
-    fn single_quote_continue<E: Clone>(
+    fn single_quote_continue(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Vec<Vec<ParsedTextContents<E>>>> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<Vec<Vec<ParsedTextContents>>> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [expression(e), single_quote_continue(lines)] => {
                 let c = InterpolatedTextContents::Expr(e);
@@ -326,16 +330,16 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn builtin<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn builtin(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         let s = input.as_str();
-        let e = match crate::Builtin::parse(s) {
+        let e = match crate::syntax::Builtin::parse(s) {
             Some(b) => Builtin(b),
             None => match s {
                 "True" => BoolLit(true),
                 "False" => BoolLit(false),
-                "Type" => Const(crate::Const::Type),
-                "Kind" => Const(crate::Const::Kind),
-                "Sort" => Const(crate::Const::Sort),
+                "Type" => Const(crate::syntax::Const::Type),
+                "Kind" => Const(crate::syntax::Const::Kind),
+                "Sort" => Const(crate::syntax::Const::Sort),
                 _ => {
                     Err(input.error(format!("Unrecognized builtin: '{}'", s)))?
                 }
@@ -387,7 +391,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
-    fn identifier<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn identifier(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [variable(v)] => spanned(input, Var(v)),
             [expression(e)] => e,
@@ -441,9 +445,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(import_type)]
-    fn local<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr<E>>> {
+    fn local(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr>> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [local_path((prefix, p))] => ImportLocation::Local(prefix, p),
         ))
@@ -482,7 +484,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
         })
     }
 
-    fn http_raw<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<URL<Expr<E>>> {
+    fn http_raw(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<URL<Expr>> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [scheme(sch), authority(auth), path(p)] => URL {
                 scheme: sch,
@@ -510,9 +512,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(import_type)]
-    fn http<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr<E>>> {
+    fn http(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr>> {
         Ok(ImportLocation::Remote(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [http_raw(url)] => url,
             [http_raw(url), expression(e)] => URL { headers: Some(e), ..url },
@@ -520,9 +520,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(import_type)]
-    fn env<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr<E>>> {
+    fn env(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr>> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [environment_variable(v)] => ImportLocation::Env(v),
         ))
@@ -557,9 +555,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(import_type)]
-    fn missing<E: Clone>(
-        _input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr<E>>> {
+    fn missing(_input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<ImportLocation<Expr>> {
         Ok(ImportLocation::Missing)
     }
 
@@ -573,10 +569,10 @@ impl DhallParser {
         Ok(Hash::SHA256(hex::decode(hash).unwrap()))
     }
 
-    fn import_hashed<E: Clone>(
+    fn import_hashed(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<crate::Import<Expr<E>>> {
-        use crate::Import;
+    ) -> ParseResult<crate::syntax::Import<Expr>> {
+        use crate::syntax::Import;
         let mode = ImportMode::Code;
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [import_type(location)] => Import { mode, location, hash: None },
@@ -594,8 +590,8 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn import<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
-        use crate::Import;
+    fn import(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
+        use crate::syntax::Import;
         let import = match_nodes!(input.children();
             [import_hashed(imp)] => {
                 Import { mode: ImportMode::Code, ..imp }
@@ -630,13 +626,13 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn empty_list_literal<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn empty_list_literal(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [expression(e)] => spanned(input, EmptyListLit(e)),
         ))
     }
 
-    fn expression<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [lambda(()), label(l), expression(typ),
                     arrow(()), expression(body)] => {
@@ -681,9 +677,9 @@ impl DhallParser {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn let_binding<E: Clone>(
+    fn let_binding(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Option<Expr<E>>, Expr<E>, Span)> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Option<Expr>, Expr, Span)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [label(name), expression(annot), expression(expr)] =>
                 (name, Some(annot), expr, input_to_span(input)),
@@ -694,12 +690,12 @@ impl DhallParser {
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
     #[prec_climb(expression, PRECCLIMBER)]
-    fn operator_expression<E: Clone>(
-        l: Expr<E>,
+    fn operator_expression(
+        l: Expr,
         op: ParseInput,
-        r: Expr<E>,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
-        use crate::BinOp::*;
+        r: Expr,
+    ) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
+        use crate::syntax::BinOp::*;
         use Rule::*;
         let op = match op.as_rule() {
             import_alt => ImportAlt,
@@ -726,9 +722,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
-    fn application_expression<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn application_expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [expression(e)] => e,
             [expression(first), expression(rest)..] => {
@@ -747,9 +741,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
-    fn first_application_expression<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn first_application_expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [Some_(()), expression(e)] => {
                 spanned(input, SomeLit(e))
@@ -765,9 +757,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
-    fn selector_expression<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn selector_expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [expression(e)] => e,
             [expression(first), selector(rest)..] => {
@@ -789,9 +779,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn selector<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Selector<E>, Span)> {
+    fn selector(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<(Selector, Span)> {
         let stor = match_nodes!(input.children();
             [label(l)] => Selector::Field(l),
             [labels(ls)] => Selector::Projection(ls),
@@ -807,9 +795,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression, shortcut = true)]
-    fn primitive_expression<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn primitive_expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [double_literal(n)] => spanned(input, DoubleLit(n)),
             [natural_literal(n)] => spanned(input, NaturalLit(n)),
@@ -821,21 +807,19 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn empty_record_literal<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn empty_record_literal(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(spanned(input, RecordLit(Default::default())))
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn empty_record_type<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn empty_record_type(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(spanned(input, RecordType(Default::default())))
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn non_empty_record_type_or_literal<E: Clone>(
+    fn non_empty_record_type_or_literal(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         let e = match_nodes!(input.children();
             [label(first_label), non_empty_record_type(rest)] => {
                 let (first_expr, mut map) = rest;
@@ -851,9 +835,9 @@ impl DhallParser {
         Ok(spanned(input, e))
     }
 
-    fn non_empty_record_type<E: Clone>(
+    fn non_empty_record_type(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Expr<E>, DupTreeMap<Label, Expr<E>>)> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<(Expr, DupTreeMap<Label, Expr>)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [expression(expr), record_type_entry(entries)..] => {
                 (expr, entries.collect())
@@ -861,17 +845,15 @@ impl DhallParser {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn record_type_entry<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Expr<E>)> {
+    fn record_type_entry(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<(Label, Expr)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [label(name), expression(expr)] => (name, expr)
         ))
     }
 
-    fn non_empty_record_literal<E: Clone>(
+    fn non_empty_record_literal(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Expr<E>, DupTreeMap<Label, Expr<E>>)> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<(Expr, DupTreeMap<Label, Expr>)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [expression(expr), record_literal_entry(entries)..] => {
                 (expr, entries.collect())
@@ -879,16 +861,14 @@ impl DhallParser {
         ))
     }
 
-    fn record_literal_entry<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Expr<E>)> {
+    fn record_literal_entry(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<(Label, Expr)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [label(name), expression(expr)] => (name, expr)
         ))
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn union_type<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn union_type(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         let map = match_nodes!(input.children();
             [empty_union_type(_)] => Default::default(),
             [union_type_entry(entries)..] => entries.collect(),
@@ -900,9 +880,9 @@ impl DhallParser {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn union_type_entry<E: Clone>(
+    fn union_type_entry(
         input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Option<Expr<E>>)> {
+    ) -> ParseResult<(Label, Option<Expr>)> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [label(name), expression(expr)] => (name, Some(expr)),
             [label(name)] => (name, None),
@@ -910,9 +890,7 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn non_empty_list_literal<E: Clone>(
-        input: ParseInput,
-    ) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn non_empty_list_literal(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.children();
             [expression(items)..] => spanned(
                 input,
@@ -922,14 +900,14 @@ impl DhallParser {
     }
 
     #[alias(expression)]
-    fn final_expression<E: Clone>(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+    fn final_expression(input: ParseInput) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
         Ok(match_nodes!(input.into_children();
             [expression(e), EOI(_)] => e
         ))
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_expr<E: Clone>(input_str: &str) -> ParseResult<Expr<E>> {
+pub fn parse_expr(input_str: &str) -> ParseResult<Expr> {
     let rc_input_str = input_str.to_string().into();
     let inputs = DhallParser::parse_with_userdata(
         Rule::final_expression,
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/printer.rs b/dhall/src/syntax/text/printer.rs
index ce6ff97..8df456b 100644
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/printer.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/syntax/text/printer.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use crate::*;
+use crate::syntax::*;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display};
 
 /// Generic instance that delegates to subexpressions
 impl<SE: Display + Clone, E: Display> Display for ExprF<SE, E> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        use crate::ExprF::*;
+        use crate::syntax::ExprF::*;
         match self {
             Lam(a, b, c) => {
                 write!(f, "λ({} : {}) → {}", a, b, c)?;
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl<A: Display + Clone> RawExpr<A> {
         f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
         phase: PrintPhase,
     ) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        use crate::ExprF::*;
+        use crate::syntax::ExprF::*;
         use PrintPhase::*;
 
         let needs_paren = match self {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl Display for Const {
 
 impl Display for BinOp {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        use crate::BinOp::*;
+        use crate::syntax::BinOp::*;
         f.write_str(match self {
             BoolOr => "||",
             TextAppend => "++",
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ impl Display for Label {
         let is_reserved = match s.as_str() {
             "let" | "in" | "if" | "then" | "else" | "Type" | "Kind"
             | "Sort" | "True" | "False" => true,
-            _ => crate::Builtin::parse(&s).is_some(),
+            _ => crate::syntax::Builtin::parse(&s).is_some(),
         };
         if !is_reserved && s.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()) {
             write!(f, "{}", s)
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ impl<SubExpr: Display> Display for Import<SubExpr> {
 
 impl Display for Builtin {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        use crate::Builtin::*;
+        use crate::syntax::Builtin::*;
         f.write_str(match *self {
             Bool => "Bool",
             Natural => "Natural",
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ impl Display for Builtin {
 
 impl Display for Scheme {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        use crate::Scheme::*;
+        use crate::syntax::Scheme::*;
         f.write_str(match *self {
             HTTP => "http",
             HTTPS => "https",
diff --git a/dhall/src/tests.rs b/dhall/src/tests.rs
index 1037ef9..9e5c744 100644
--- a/dhall/src/tests.rs
+++ b/dhall/src/tests.rs
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::error::{Error, Result};
-use crate::phase::Parsed;
+use crate::semantics::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::semantics::phase::Parsed;
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/Cargo.toml b/dhall_generated_parser/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index b1f0d02..0000000
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "dhall_generated_parser"
-version = "0.1.0"
-authors = ["Nadrieril <nadrieril@users.noreply.github.com>"]
-license = "BSD-2-Clause"
-edition = "2018"
-build = "build.rs"
-
-[lib]
-test = false
-doctest = false
-
-[build-dependencies]
-abnf_to_pest = { version = "0.1.1", path = "../abnf_to_pest" }
-
-[dependencies]
-pest = "2.1"
-pest_derive = "2.1"
diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/build.rs b/dhall_generated_parser/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d846f92..0000000
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write};
-
-use abnf_to_pest::render_rules_to_pest;
-
-fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
-    let abnf_path = "src/dhall.abnf";
-    let visibility_path = "src/dhall.pest.visibility";
-    let pest_path = "src/dhall.pest";
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", abnf_path);
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", visibility_path);
-
-    let mut file = File::open(abnf_path)?;
-    let mut data = Vec::new();
-    file.read_to_end(&mut data)?;
-    data.push('\n' as u8);
-
-    let mut rules = abnf_to_pest::parse_abnf(&data)?;
-    for line in BufReader::new(File::open(visibility_path)?).lines() {
-        let line = line?;
-        if line.len() >= 2 && &line[0..2] == "# " {
-            rules.get_mut(&line[2..]).map(|x| x.silent = true);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut file = File::create(pest_path)?;
-    writeln!(&mut file, "// AUTO-GENERATED FILE. See build.rs.")?;
-
-    // TODO: this is a cheat; properly support RFC3986 URLs instead
-    rules.remove("url_path");
-    writeln!(&mut file, "url_path = _{{ path }}")?;
-
-    rules.remove("simple_label");
-    writeln!(
-        &mut file,
-        "simple_label = {{
-              keyword ~ simple_label_next_char+
-            | !keyword ~ simple_label_first_char ~ simple_label_next_char*
-    }}"
-    )?;
-
-    rules.remove("nonreserved_label");
-    writeln!(
-        &mut file,
-        "nonreserved_label = _{{
-            !(builtin ~ !simple_label_next_char) ~ label
-    }}"
-    )?;
-
-    // Setup grammar for precedence climbing
-    rules.remove("operator_expression");
-    writeln!(&mut file, r##"
-        import_alt = {{ "?" ~ whsp1 }}
-        bool_or = {{ "||" }}
-        natural_plus = {{ "+" ~ whsp1 }}
-        text_append = {{ "++" }}
-        list_append = {{ "#" }}
-        bool_and = {{ "&&" }}
-        natural_times = {{ "*" }}
-        bool_eq = {{ "==" }}
-        bool_ne = {{ "!=" }}
-
-        operator = _{{
-            equivalent |
-            bool_ne |
-            bool_eq |
-            natural_times |
-            combine_types |
-            prefer |
-            combine |
-            bool_and |
-            list_append |
-            text_append |
-            natural_plus |
-            bool_or |
-            import_alt
-        }}
-        operator_expression = {{ application_expression ~ (whsp ~ operator ~ whsp ~ application_expression)* }}
-    "##)?;
-
-    writeln!(
-        &mut file,
-        "final_expression = ${{ SOI ~ complete_expression ~ EOI }}"
-    )?;
-
-    writeln!(&mut file)?;
-    writeln!(&mut file, "{}", render_rules_to_pest(rules).pretty(80))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/dhall_generated_parser/src/lib.rs b/dhall_generated_parser/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fbb9ccd..0000000
--- a/dhall_generated_parser/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-//! This crate only contains a [pest][pest]-generated parser for the [dhall][dhall] language.
-//! It is part of the [dhall-rust][dhall-rust] crate.
-//!
-//! [pest]: https://pest.rs
-//! [dhall]: https://dhall-lang.org/
-//! [dhall-rust]: https://github.com/Nadrieril/dhall-rust
-
-// This crate only contains the grammar-generated parser. The rest of the
-// parser is in dhall_syntax. This separation is because compiling the
-// grammar-generated parser is extremely slow.
-// See the https://pest.rs documentation for details on what this crate contains.
-// The pest file is auto-generated and is located at ./dhall.pest.
-// It is generated from grammar.abnf in a rather straightforward manner. Some
-// additional overrides are done in ../build.rs.
-// The lines that are commented out in ./dhall.pest.visibility are marked as
-// silent (see pest docs for what that means) in the generated pest file.
-
-use pest_derive::Parser;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[grammar = "dhall.pest"]
-pub struct DhallParser;
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/Cargo.toml b/dhall_syntax/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 2724fa5..0000000
--- a/dhall_syntax/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "dhall_syntax"
-version = "0.1.0"
-authors = ["NanoTech <nanotech@nanotechcorp.net>", "Nadrieril <nadrieril@users.noreply.github.com>"]
-license = "BSD-2-Clause"
-edition = "2018"
-
-[lib]
-doctest = false
-
-[dependencies]
-itertools = "0.8.0"
-percent-encoding = "2.1.0"
-pest = "2.1"
-either = "1.5.2"
-take_mut = "0.2.2"
-hex = "0.3.2"
-lazy_static = "1.4.0"
-dhall_generated_parser = { path = "../dhall_generated_parser" }
-# pest_consume = { path = "../../pest_consume/pest_consume" }
-pest_consume = "1.0"
diff --git a/dhall_syntax/src/lib.rs b/dhall_syntax/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b8fa19f..0000000
--- a/dhall_syntax/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#![feature(trace_macros)]
-#![feature(never_type)]
-#![allow(
-    clippy::many_single_char_names,
-    clippy::should_implement_trait,
-    clippy::new_without_default,
-    clippy::type_complexity
-)]
-
-//! This crate contains the core AST-handling primitives for the [dhall-rust][dhall-rust] crate.
-//! This is highly unstable and breaks regularly; use at your own risk.
-//!
-//! [dhall-rust]: https://github.com/Nadrieril/dhall-rust
-
-mod core;
-pub use crate::core::context;
-pub use crate::core::visitor;
-pub use crate::core::*;
-mod printer;
-pub use crate::printer::*;
-mod parser;
-pub use crate::parser::*;