From 7206b48a73d6204baea99f4f4675be2518a8f8c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Son Ho
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 2023 15:06:12 +0200
Subject: Start working on the progress tactic

---
 backends/lean/Base.lean              |   2 +
 backends/lean/Base/Arith.lean        | 464 -----------------------------------
 backends/lean/Base/Arith/Arith.lean  | 409 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 backends/lean/Base/Arith/Base.lean   |  10 +
 backends/lean/Base/ArithBase.lean    |  10 -
 backends/lean/Base/Diverge/Elab.lean |  17 +-
 backends/lean/Base/Utils.lean        |  95 +++++++
 7 files changed, 517 insertions(+), 490 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 backends/lean/Base/Arith.lean
 create mode 100644 backends/lean/Base/Arith/Arith.lean
 create mode 100644 backends/lean/Base/Arith/Base.lean
 delete mode 100644 backends/lean/Base/ArithBase.lean

(limited to 'backends')

diff --git a/backends/lean/Base.lean b/backends/lean/Base.lean
index 1f8cbc8e..51211704 100644
--- a/backends/lean/Base.lean
+++ b/backends/lean/Base.lean
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import Base.Utils
 import Base.Primitives
 import Base.Diverge
 import Base.Arith
+import Base.Progress
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/Arith.lean b/backends/lean/Base/Arith.lean
deleted file mode 100644
index 364447ed..00000000
--- a/backends/lean/Base/Arith.lean
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,464 +0,0 @@
-/- This file contains tactics to solve arithmetic goals -/
-
-import Lean
-import Lean.Meta.Tactic.Simp
-import Init.Data.List.Basic
-import Mathlib.Tactic.RunCmd
-import Mathlib.Tactic.Linarith
--- TODO: there is no Omega tactic for now - it seems it hasn't been ported yet
---import Mathlib.Tactic.Omega
-import Base.Primitives
-import Base.ArithBase
-
-/-
-Mathlib tactics:
-- rcases: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#rcases
-- split_ifs: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#split_ifs
-- norm_num: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#norm_num
-- should we use linarith or omega?
-- hint: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#hint
-- classical: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#classical
--/
-
-namespace List
-
-  -- TODO: I could not find this function??
-  @[simp] def flatten {a : Type u} : List (List a) → List a
-  | [] => []
-  | x :: ls => x ++ flatten ls
-
-end List
-
-namespace Lean
-
-namespace LocalContext
-
-  open Lean Lean.Elab Command Term Lean.Meta
-
-  -- Small utility: return the list of declarations in the context, from
-  -- the last to the first.
-  def getAllDecls (lctx : Lean.LocalContext) : MetaM (List Lean.LocalDecl) :=
-    lctx.foldrM (fun d ls => do let d ← instantiateLocalDeclMVars d; pure (d :: ls)) []
-
-  -- Return the list of declarations in the context, but filter the
-  -- declarations which are considered as implementation details
-  def getDecls (lctx : Lean.LocalContext) : MetaM (List Lean.LocalDecl) := do
-    let ls ← lctx.getAllDecls
-    pure (ls.filter (fun d => not d.isImplementationDetail))
-
-end LocalContext
-
-end Lean
-
-namespace Arith
-
-open Primitives
-
--- TODO: move?
-theorem ne_zero_is_lt_or_gt {x : Int} (hne : x ≠ 0) : x < 0 ∨ x > 0 := by
-  cases h: x <;> simp_all
-  . rename_i n;
-    cases n <;> simp_all
-  . apply Int.negSucc_lt_zero
-
--- TODO: move?
-theorem ne_is_lt_or_gt {x y : Int} (hne : x ≠ y) : x < y ∨ x > y := by
-  have hne : x - y ≠ 0 := by
-    simp
-    intro h
-    have: x = y := by linarith
-    simp_all
-  have h := ne_zero_is_lt_or_gt hne
-  match h with
-  | .inl _ => left; linarith
-  | .inr _ => right; linarith
-
--- TODO: move
-instance Vec.cast (a : Type): Coe (Vec a) (List a)  where coe := λ v => v.val
-
--- TODO: move
-/- Remark: we can't write the following instance because of restrictions about
-   the type class parameters (`ty` doesn't appear in the return type, which is
-   forbidden):
-
-   ```
-   instance Scalar.cast (ty : ScalarTy) : Coe (Scalar ty) Int where coe := λ v => v.val
-   ```
- -/
-def Scalar.toInt {ty : ScalarTy} (x : Scalar ty) : Int := x.val
-
--- Remark: I tried a version of the shape `HasProp {a : Type} (x : a)`
--- but the lookup didn't work
-class HasProp (a : Sort u) where
-  prop_ty : a → Prop
-  prop : ∀ x:a, prop_ty x
-
-instance (ty : ScalarTy) : HasProp (Scalar ty) where
-  -- prop_ty is inferred
-  prop := λ x => And.intro x.hmin x.hmax
-
-instance (a : Type) : HasProp (Vec a) where
-  prop_ty := λ v => v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize
-  prop := λ ⟨ _, l ⟩ => l
-
-class PropHasImp (x : Prop) where
-  concl : Prop
-  prop : x → concl
-
--- This also works for `x ≠ y` because this expression reduces to `¬ x = y`
--- and `Ne` is marked as `reducible`
-instance (x y : Int) : PropHasImp (¬ x = y) where
-  concl := x < y ∨ x > y
-  prop := λ (h:x ≠ y) => ne_is_lt_or_gt h
-
-open Lean Lean.Elab Command Term Lean.Meta
-
--- Small utility: print all the declarations in the context
-elab "print_all_decls" : tactic => do
-  let ctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
-  for decl in ← ctx.getDecls do
-    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType decl.toExpr
-    logInfo m!"{decl.toExpr} : {ty}"
-  pure ()
-
--- Explore a term by decomposing the applications (we explore the applied
--- functions and their arguments, but ignore lambdas, forall, etc. -
--- should we go inside?).
-partial def foldTermApps (k : α → Expr → MetaM α) (s : α) (e : Expr) : MetaM α := do
-  -- We do it in a very simpler manner: we deconstruct applications,
-  -- and recursively explore the sub-expressions. Note that we do
-  -- not go inside foralls and abstractions (should we?).
-  e.withApp fun f args => do
-    let s ← k s f
-    args.foldlM (foldTermApps k) s
-
--- Provided a function `k` which lookups type class instances on an expression,
--- collect all the instances lookuped by applying `k` on the sub-expressions of `e`.
-def collectInstances
-  (k : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) (s : HashSet Expr) (e : Expr) : MetaM (HashSet Expr) := do
-  let k s e := do
-    match ← k e with
-    | none => pure s
-    | some i => pure (s.insert i)
-  foldTermApps k s e
-
--- Similar to `collectInstances`, but explores all the local declarations in the
--- main context.
-def collectInstancesFromMainCtx (k : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  -- Get the local context
-  let ctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
-  -- Just a matter of precaution
-  let ctx ← instantiateLCtxMVars ctx
-  -- Initialize the hashset
-  let hs := HashSet.empty
-  -- Explore the declarations
-  let decls ← ctx.getDecls
-  decls.foldlM (fun hs d => collectInstances k hs d.toExpr) hs
-
--- Return an instance of `HasProp` for `e` if it has some
-def lookupHasProp (e : Expr) : MetaM (Option Expr) := do
-  trace[Arith] "lookupHasProp"
-  -- TODO: do we need Lean.observing?
-  -- This actually eliminates the error messages
-  Lean.observing? do
-    trace[Arith] "lookupHasProp: observing"
-    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType e
-    let hasProp ← mkAppM ``HasProp #[ty]
-    let hasPropInst ← trySynthInstance hasProp
-    match hasPropInst with
-    | LOption.some i =>
-      trace[Arith] "Found HasProp instance"
-      let i_prop ← mkProjection i (Name.mkSimple "prop")
-      some (← mkAppM' i_prop #[e])
-    | _ => none
-
--- Collect the instances of `HasProp` for the subexpressions in the context
-def collectHasPropInstancesFromMainCtx : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
-  collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookupHasProp
-
-elab "display_has_prop_instances" : tactic => do
-  trace[Arith] "Displaying the HasProp instances"
-  let hs ← collectHasPropInstancesFromMainCtx
-  hs.forM fun e => do
-    trace[Arith] "+ HasProp instance: {e}"
-
-example (x : U32) : True := by
-  let i : HasProp U32 := inferInstance
-  have p := @HasProp.prop _ i x
-  simp only [HasProp.prop_ty] at p
-  display_has_prop_instances
-  simp
-
--- Return an instance of `PropHasImp` for `e` if it has some
-def lookupPropHasImp (e : Expr) : MetaM (Option Expr) := do
-  trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp"
-  -- TODO: do we need Lean.observing?
-  -- This actually eliminates the error messages
-  Lean.observing? do
-    trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp: observing"
-    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType e
-    trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp: ty: {ty}"
-    let cl ← mkAppM ``PropHasImp #[ty]
-    let inst ← trySynthInstance cl
-    match inst with
-    | LOption.some i =>
-      trace[Arith] "Found PropHasImp instance"
-      let i_prop ←  mkProjection i (Name.mkSimple "prop")
-      some (← mkAppM' i_prop #[e])
-    | _ => none
-
--- Collect the instances of `PropHasImp` for the subexpressions in the context
-def collectPropHasImpInstancesFromMainCtx : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
-  collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookupPropHasImp
-
-elab "display_prop_has_imp_instances" : tactic => do
-  trace[Arith] "Displaying the PropHasImp instances"
-  let hs ← collectPropHasImpInstancesFromMainCtx
-  hs.forM fun e => do
-    trace[Arith] "+ PropHasImp instance: {e}"
-
-example (x y : Int) (_ : x ≠ y) (_ : ¬ x = y) : True := by
-  display_prop_has_imp_instances
-  simp
-
-def addDecl (name : Name) (val : Expr) (type : Expr) (asLet : Bool) : Tactic.TacticM Expr :=
-  -- I don't think we need that
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  -- Insert the new declaration
-  let withDecl := if asLet then withLetDecl name type val else withLocalDeclD name type
-  withDecl fun nval => do
-    -- For debugging
-    let lctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
-    let fid := nval.fvarId!
-    let decl := lctx.get! fid
-    trace[Arith] "  new decl: \"{decl.userName}\" ({nval}) : {decl.type} := {decl.value}"
-    --
-    -- Tranform the main goal `?m0` to `let x = nval in ?m1`
-    let mvarId ← Tactic.getMainGoal
-    let newMVar ← mkFreshExprSyntheticOpaqueMVar (← mvarId.getType)
-    let newVal ← mkLetFVars #[nval] newMVar
-    -- There are two cases:
-    -- - asLet is true: newVal is `let $name := $val in $newMVar`
-    -- - asLet is false: ewVal is `λ $name => $newMVar`
-    --   We need to apply it to `val`
-    let newVal := if asLet then newVal else mkAppN newVal #[val]
-    -- Assign the main goal and update the current goal
-    mvarId.assign newVal
-    let goals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
-    Lean.Elab.Tactic.setGoals (newMVar.mvarId! :: goals)
-    -- Return the new value - note: we are in the *new* context, created
-    -- after the declaration was added, so it will persist
-    pure nval
-
-def addDeclSyntax (name : Name) (val : Syntax) (asLet : Bool) : Tactic.TacticM Unit :=
-  -- I don't think we need that
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  --
-  let val ← elabTerm val .none
-  let type ← inferType val
-  -- In some situations, the type will be left as a metavariable (for instance,
-  -- if the term is `3`, Lean has the choice between `Nat` and `Int` and will
-  -- not choose): we force the instantiation of the meta-variable
-  synthesizeSyntheticMVarsUsingDefault
-  --
-  let _ ← addDecl name val type asLet
-
-elab "custom_let " n:ident " := " v:term : tactic => do
-  addDeclSyntax n.getId v (asLet := true)
-
-elab "custom_have " n:ident " := " v:term : tactic =>
-  addDeclSyntax n.getId v (asLet := false)
-
-example : Nat := by
-  custom_let x := 4
-  custom_have y := 4
-  apply y
-
-example (x : Bool) : Nat := by
-  cases x <;> custom_let x := 3 <;> apply x
-
--- Lookup instances in a context and introduce them with additional declarations.
-def introInstances (declToUnfold : Name) (lookup : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) : Tactic.TacticM (Array Expr) := do
-  let hs ← collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookup
-  hs.toArray.mapM fun e => do
-    let type ← inferType e
-    let name ← mkFreshUserName `h
-    -- Add a declaration
-    let nval ← addDecl name e type (asLet := false)
-    -- Simplify to unfold the declaration to unfold (i.e., the projector)
-    let simpTheorems ← Tactic.simpOnlyBuiltins.foldlM (·.addConst ·) ({} : SimpTheorems)
-    -- Add the equational theorem for the decl to unfold
-    let simpTheorems ← simpTheorems.addDeclToUnfold declToUnfold
-    let congrTheorems ← getSimpCongrTheorems
-    let ctx : Simp.Context := { simpTheorems := #[simpTheorems], congrTheorems }
-    -- Where to apply the simplifier
-    let loc := Tactic.Location.targets #[mkIdent name] false
-    -- Apply the simplifier
-    let _ ← Tactic.simpLocation ctx (discharge? := .none) loc
-    -- Return the new value
-    pure nval
-
--- Lookup the instances of `HasProp for all the sub-expressions in the context,
--- and introduce the corresponding assumptions
-elab "intro_has_prop_instances" : tactic => do
-  trace[Arith] "Introducing the HasProp instances"
-  let _ ← introInstances ``HasProp.prop_ty lookupHasProp
-
-example (x y : U32) : x.val ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.U32 := by
-  intro_has_prop_instances
-  simp [*]
-
-example {a: Type} (v : Vec a) : v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize := by
-  intro_has_prop_instances
-  simp_all [Scalar.max, Scalar.min]
-
--- Tactic to split on a disjunction.
--- The expression `h` should be an fvar.
-def splitDisj (h : Expr) (kleft kright : Tactic.TacticM Unit) : Tactic.TacticM Unit := do
-  trace[Arith] "assumption on which to split: {h}"
-  -- Retrieve the main goal
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  let goalType ← Lean.Elab.Tactic.getMainTarget
-  let hDecl := (← getLCtx).get! h.fvarId!
-  let hName := hDecl.userName
-  -- Case disjunction
-  let hTy ← inferType h
-  hTy.withApp fun f xs => do
-  trace[Arith] "as app: {f} {xs}"
-  -- Sanity check
-  if ¬ (f.isConstOf ``Or ∧ xs.size = 2) then throwError "Invalid argument to splitDisj"
-  let a := xs.get! 0
-  let b := xs.get! 1
-  -- Introduce the new goals
-  -- Returns:
-  -- - the match branch
-  -- - a fresh new mvar id
-  let mkGoal (hTy : Expr) (nGoalName : String) : MetaM (Expr × MVarId) := do
-    -- Introduce a variable for the assumption (`a` or `b`). Note that we reuse
-    -- the name of the assumption we split.
-    withLocalDeclD hName hTy fun var => do
-    -- The new goal
-    let mgoal ← mkFreshExprSyntheticOpaqueMVar goalType (tag := Name.mkSimple nGoalName)
-    -- Clear the assumption that we split
-    let mgoal ← mgoal.mvarId!.tryClearMany #[h.fvarId!]
-    -- The branch expression
-    let branch ← mkLambdaFVars #[var] (mkMVar mgoal)
-    pure (branch, mgoal)
-  let (inl, mleft) ← mkGoal a "left"
-  let (inr, mright) ← mkGoal b "right"
-  trace[Arith] "left: {inl}: {mleft}"
-  trace[Arith] "right: {inr}: {mright}"
-  -- Create the match expression
-  withLocalDeclD (← mkFreshUserName `h) hTy fun hVar => do
-  let motive ← mkLambdaFVars #[hVar] goalType
-  let casesExpr ← mkAppOptM ``Or.casesOn #[a, b, motive, h, inl, inr]
-  let mgoal ← Tactic.getMainGoal
-  trace[Arith] "goals: {← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals}"
-  trace[Arith] "main goal: {mgoal}"
-  mgoal.assign casesExpr
-  let goals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
-  -- Focus on the left
-  Tactic.setGoals [mleft]
-  kleft
-  let leftGoals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
-  -- Focus on the right
-  Tactic.setGoals [mright]
-  kright
-  let rightGoals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
-  -- Put all the goals back
-  Tactic.setGoals (leftGoals ++ rightGoals ++ goals)
-  trace[Arith] "new goals: {← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals}"
-
-elab "split_disj " n:ident : tactic => do
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  let decl ← Lean.Meta.getLocalDeclFromUserName n.getId
-  let fvar := mkFVar decl.fvarId
-  splitDisj fvar (fun _ => pure ()) (fun _ => pure ())
-
-example (x y : Int) (h0 : x ≤ y ∨ x ≥ y) : x ≤ y ∨ x ≥ y := by
-  split_disj h0
-  . left; assumption
-  . right; assumption
-
--- Lookup the instances of `PropHasImp for all the sub-expressions in the context,
--- and introduce the corresponding assumptions
-elab "intro_prop_has_imp_instances" : tactic => do
-  trace[Arith] "Introducing the PropHasImp instances"
-  let _ ← introInstances ``PropHasImp.concl lookupPropHasImp
-
-example (x y : Int) (h0 : x ≤ y) (h1 : x ≠ y) : x < y := by
-  intro_prop_has_imp_instances
-  rename_i h
-  split_disj h
-  . linarith
-  . linarith
-
-/- Boosting a bit the linarith tac.
-
-   We do the following:
-   - for all the assumptions of the shape `(x : Int) ≠ y` or `¬ (x = y), we
-     introduce two goals with the assumptions `x < y` and `x > y`
-     TODO: we could create a PR for mathlib.
- -/
-def intTacPreprocess : Tactic.TacticM Unit := do
-  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
-  -- Lookup the instances of PropHasImp (this is how we detect assumptions
-  -- of the proper shape), introduce assumptions in the context and split
-  -- on those
-  -- TODO: get rid of the assumptions that we split
-  let rec splitOnAsms (asms : List Expr) : Tactic.TacticM Unit :=
-    match asms with
-    | [] => pure ()
-    | asm :: asms =>
-      let k := splitOnAsms asms
-      splitDisj asm k k
-  -- Introduce
-  let asms ← introInstances ``PropHasImp.concl lookupPropHasImp
-  -- Split
-  splitOnAsms asms.toList
-
-elab "int_tac_preprocess" : tactic =>
-  intTacPreprocess
-
-example (x : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) : 0 < x := by
-  int_tac_preprocess
-  linarith
-  linarith
-
-syntax "int_tac" : tactic
-macro_rules
-  | `(tactic| int_tac) =>
-    `(tactic|
-      (repeat (apply And.intro)) <;> -- TODO: improve this
-      int_tac_preprocess <;>
-      linarith)
-
-example (x : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) : 0 < x := by
-  int_tac
-
--- Checking that things append correctly when there are several disjunctions
-example (x y : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) (h2 : 0 ≤ y) (h3 : y ≠ 0) : 0 < x ∧ 0 < y := by
-  int_tac
-
--- A tactic to solve linear arithmetic goals in the presence of scalars
-syntax "scalar_tac" : tactic
-macro_rules
-  | `(tactic| scalar_tac) =>
-    `(tactic|
-      intro_has_prop_instances;
-      have := Scalar.cMin_bound ScalarTy.Usize;
-      have := Scalar.cMin_bound ScalarTy.Isize;
-      have := Scalar.cMax_bound ScalarTy.Usize;
-      have := Scalar.cMax_bound ScalarTy.Isize;
-      -- TODO: not too sure about that
-      simp only [*, Scalar.max, Scalar.min, Scalar.cMin, Scalar.cMax] at *;
-      int_tac)
-
-example (x y : U32) : x.val ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.U32 := by
-  scalar_tac
-
-example {a: Type} (v : Vec a) : v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize := by
-  scalar_tac
-
-end Arith
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Arith.lean b/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Arith.lean
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ba73d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Arith.lean
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+/- This file contains tactics to solve arithmetic goals -/
+
+import Lean
+import Lean.Meta.Tactic.Simp
+import Init.Data.List.Basic
+import Mathlib.Tactic.RunCmd
+import Mathlib.Tactic.Linarith
+-- TODO: there is no Omega tactic for now - it seems it hasn't been ported yet
+--import Mathlib.Tactic.Omega
+import Base.Primitives
+import Base.Utils
+import Base.Arith.Base
+
+/-
+Mathlib tactics:
+- rcases: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#rcases
+- split_ifs: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#split_ifs
+- norm_num: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#norm_num
+- should we use linarith or omega?
+- hint: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#hint
+- classical: https://leanprover-community.github.io/mathlib_docs/tactics.html#classical
+-/
+
+namespace List
+
+  -- TODO: I could not find this function??
+  @[simp] def flatten {a : Type u} : List (List a) → List a
+  | [] => []
+  | x :: ls => x ++ flatten ls
+
+end List
+
+namespace Lean
+
+namespace LocalContext
+
+  open Lean Lean.Elab Command Term Lean.Meta
+
+  -- Small utility: return the list of declarations in the context, from
+  -- the last to the first.
+  def getAllDecls (lctx : Lean.LocalContext) : MetaM (List Lean.LocalDecl) :=
+    lctx.foldrM (fun d ls => do let d ← instantiateLocalDeclMVars d; pure (d :: ls)) []
+
+  -- Return the list of declarations in the context, but filter the
+  -- declarations which are considered as implementation details
+  def getDecls (lctx : Lean.LocalContext) : MetaM (List Lean.LocalDecl) := do
+    let ls ← lctx.getAllDecls
+    pure (ls.filter (fun d => not d.isImplementationDetail))
+
+end LocalContext
+
+end Lean
+
+namespace Arith
+
+open Primitives
+
+-- TODO: move?
+theorem ne_zero_is_lt_or_gt {x : Int} (hne : x ≠ 0) : x < 0 ∨ x > 0 := by
+  cases h: x <;> simp_all
+  . rename_i n;
+    cases n <;> simp_all
+  . apply Int.negSucc_lt_zero
+
+-- TODO: move?
+theorem ne_is_lt_or_gt {x y : Int} (hne : x ≠ y) : x < y ∨ x > y := by
+  have hne : x - y ≠ 0 := by
+    simp
+    intro h
+    have: x = y := by linarith
+    simp_all
+  have h := ne_zero_is_lt_or_gt hne
+  match h with
+  | .inl _ => left; linarith
+  | .inr _ => right; linarith
+
+-- TODO: move
+instance Vec.cast (a : Type): Coe (Vec a) (List a)  where coe := λ v => v.val
+
+-- TODO: move
+/- Remark: we can't write the following instance because of restrictions about
+   the type class parameters (`ty` doesn't appear in the return type, which is
+   forbidden):
+
+   ```
+   instance Scalar.cast (ty : ScalarTy) : Coe (Scalar ty) Int where coe := λ v => v.val
+   ```
+ -/
+def Scalar.toInt {ty : ScalarTy} (x : Scalar ty) : Int := x.val
+
+-- Remark: I tried a version of the shape `HasProp {a : Type} (x : a)`
+-- but the lookup didn't work
+class HasProp (a : Sort u) where
+  prop_ty : a → Prop
+  prop : ∀ x:a, prop_ty x
+
+instance (ty : ScalarTy) : HasProp (Scalar ty) where
+  -- prop_ty is inferred
+  prop := λ x => And.intro x.hmin x.hmax
+
+instance (a : Type) : HasProp (Vec a) where
+  prop_ty := λ v => v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize
+  prop := λ ⟨ _, l ⟩ => l
+
+class PropHasImp (x : Prop) where
+  concl : Prop
+  prop : x → concl
+
+-- This also works for `x ≠ y` because this expression reduces to `¬ x = y`
+-- and `Ne` is marked as `reducible`
+instance (x y : Int) : PropHasImp (¬ x = y) where
+  concl := x < y ∨ x > y
+  prop := λ (h:x ≠ y) => ne_is_lt_or_gt h
+
+open Lean Lean.Elab Command Term Lean.Meta
+
+-- Small utility: print all the declarations in the context
+elab "print_all_decls" : tactic => do
+  let ctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
+  for decl in ← ctx.getDecls do
+    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType decl.toExpr
+    logInfo m!"{decl.toExpr} : {ty}"
+  pure ()
+
+-- Explore a term by decomposing the applications (we explore the applied
+-- functions and their arguments, but ignore lambdas, forall, etc. -
+-- should we go inside?).
+partial def foldTermApps (k : α → Expr → MetaM α) (s : α) (e : Expr) : MetaM α := do
+  -- We do it in a very simpler manner: we deconstruct applications,
+  -- and recursively explore the sub-expressions. Note that we do
+  -- not go inside foralls and abstractions (should we?).
+  e.withApp fun f args => do
+    let s ← k s f
+    args.foldlM (foldTermApps k) s
+
+-- Provided a function `k` which lookups type class instances on an expression,
+-- collect all the instances lookuped by applying `k` on the sub-expressions of `e`.
+def collectInstances
+  (k : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) (s : HashSet Expr) (e : Expr) : MetaM (HashSet Expr) := do
+  let k s e := do
+    match ← k e with
+    | none => pure s
+    | some i => pure (s.insert i)
+  foldTermApps k s e
+
+-- Similar to `collectInstances`, but explores all the local declarations in the
+-- main context.
+def collectInstancesFromMainCtx (k : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  -- Get the local context
+  let ctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
+  -- Just a matter of precaution
+  let ctx ← instantiateLCtxMVars ctx
+  -- Initialize the hashset
+  let hs := HashSet.empty
+  -- Explore the declarations
+  let decls ← ctx.getDecls
+  decls.foldlM (fun hs d => collectInstances k hs d.toExpr) hs
+
+-- Return an instance of `HasProp` for `e` if it has some
+def lookupHasProp (e : Expr) : MetaM (Option Expr) := do
+  trace[Arith] "lookupHasProp"
+  -- TODO: do we need Lean.observing?
+  -- This actually eliminates the error messages
+  Lean.observing? do
+    trace[Arith] "lookupHasProp: observing"
+    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType e
+    let hasProp ← mkAppM ``HasProp #[ty]
+    let hasPropInst ← trySynthInstance hasProp
+    match hasPropInst with
+    | LOption.some i =>
+      trace[Arith] "Found HasProp instance"
+      let i_prop ← mkProjection i (Name.mkSimple "prop")
+      some (← mkAppM' i_prop #[e])
+    | _ => none
+
+-- Collect the instances of `HasProp` for the subexpressions in the context
+def collectHasPropInstancesFromMainCtx : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
+  collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookupHasProp
+
+elab "display_has_prop_instances" : tactic => do
+  trace[Arith] "Displaying the HasProp instances"
+  let hs ← collectHasPropInstancesFromMainCtx
+  hs.forM fun e => do
+    trace[Arith] "+ HasProp instance: {e}"
+
+example (x : U32) : True := by
+  let i : HasProp U32 := inferInstance
+  have p := @HasProp.prop _ i x
+  simp only [HasProp.prop_ty] at p
+  display_has_prop_instances
+  simp
+
+-- Return an instance of `PropHasImp` for `e` if it has some
+def lookupPropHasImp (e : Expr) : MetaM (Option Expr) := do
+  trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp"
+  -- TODO: do we need Lean.observing?
+  -- This actually eliminates the error messages
+  Lean.observing? do
+    trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp: observing"
+    let ty ← Lean.Meta.inferType e
+    trace[Arith] "lookupPropHasImp: ty: {ty}"
+    let cl ← mkAppM ``PropHasImp #[ty]
+    let inst ← trySynthInstance cl
+    match inst with
+    | LOption.some i =>
+      trace[Arith] "Found PropHasImp instance"
+      let i_prop ←  mkProjection i (Name.mkSimple "prop")
+      some (← mkAppM' i_prop #[e])
+    | _ => none
+
+-- Collect the instances of `PropHasImp` for the subexpressions in the context
+def collectPropHasImpInstancesFromMainCtx : Tactic.TacticM (HashSet Expr) := do
+  collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookupPropHasImp
+
+elab "display_prop_has_imp_instances" : tactic => do
+  trace[Arith] "Displaying the PropHasImp instances"
+  let hs ← collectPropHasImpInstancesFromMainCtx
+  hs.forM fun e => do
+    trace[Arith] "+ PropHasImp instance: {e}"
+
+example (x y : Int) (_ : x ≠ y) (_ : ¬ x = y) : True := by
+  display_prop_has_imp_instances
+  simp
+
+-- Lookup instances in a context and introduce them with additional declarations.
+def introInstances (declToUnfold : Name) (lookup : Expr → MetaM (Option Expr)) : Tactic.TacticM (Array Expr) := do
+  let hs ← collectInstancesFromMainCtx lookup
+  hs.toArray.mapM fun e => do
+    let type ← inferType e
+    let name ← mkFreshUserName `h
+    -- Add a declaration
+    let nval ← Utils.addDecl name e type (asLet := false)
+    -- Simplify to unfold the declaration to unfold (i.e., the projector)
+    let simpTheorems ← Tactic.simpOnlyBuiltins.foldlM (·.addConst ·) ({} : SimpTheorems)
+    -- Add the equational theorem for the decl to unfold
+    let simpTheorems ← simpTheorems.addDeclToUnfold declToUnfold
+    let congrTheorems ← getSimpCongrTheorems
+    let ctx : Simp.Context := { simpTheorems := #[simpTheorems], congrTheorems }
+    -- Where to apply the simplifier
+    let loc := Tactic.Location.targets #[mkIdent name] false
+    -- Apply the simplifier
+    let _ ← Tactic.simpLocation ctx (discharge? := .none) loc
+    -- Return the new value
+    pure nval
+
+-- Lookup the instances of `HasProp for all the sub-expressions in the context,
+-- and introduce the corresponding assumptions
+elab "intro_has_prop_instances" : tactic => do
+  trace[Arith] "Introducing the HasProp instances"
+  let _ ← introInstances ``HasProp.prop_ty lookupHasProp
+
+example (x y : U32) : x.val ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.U32 := by
+  intro_has_prop_instances
+  simp [*]
+
+example {a: Type} (v : Vec a) : v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize := by
+  intro_has_prop_instances
+  simp_all [Scalar.max, Scalar.min]
+
+-- Tactic to split on a disjunction.
+-- The expression `h` should be an fvar.
+def splitDisj (h : Expr) (kleft kright : Tactic.TacticM Unit) : Tactic.TacticM Unit := do
+  trace[Arith] "assumption on which to split: {h}"
+  -- Retrieve the main goal
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  let goalType ← Lean.Elab.Tactic.getMainTarget
+  let hDecl := (← getLCtx).get! h.fvarId!
+  let hName := hDecl.userName
+  -- Case disjunction
+  let hTy ← inferType h
+  hTy.withApp fun f xs => do
+  trace[Arith] "as app: {f} {xs}"
+  -- Sanity check
+  if ¬ (f.isConstOf ``Or ∧ xs.size = 2) then throwError "Invalid argument to splitDisj"
+  let a := xs.get! 0
+  let b := xs.get! 1
+  -- Introduce the new goals
+  -- Returns:
+  -- - the match branch
+  -- - a fresh new mvar id
+  let mkGoal (hTy : Expr) (nGoalName : String) : MetaM (Expr × MVarId) := do
+    -- Introduce a variable for the assumption (`a` or `b`). Note that we reuse
+    -- the name of the assumption we split.
+    withLocalDeclD hName hTy fun var => do
+    -- The new goal
+    let mgoal ← mkFreshExprSyntheticOpaqueMVar goalType (tag := Name.mkSimple nGoalName)
+    -- Clear the assumption that we split
+    let mgoal ← mgoal.mvarId!.tryClearMany #[h.fvarId!]
+    -- The branch expression
+    let branch ← mkLambdaFVars #[var] (mkMVar mgoal)
+    pure (branch, mgoal)
+  let (inl, mleft) ← mkGoal a "left"
+  let (inr, mright) ← mkGoal b "right"
+  trace[Arith] "left: {inl}: {mleft}"
+  trace[Arith] "right: {inr}: {mright}"
+  -- Create the match expression
+  withLocalDeclD (← mkFreshUserName `h) hTy fun hVar => do
+  let motive ← mkLambdaFVars #[hVar] goalType
+  let casesExpr ← mkAppOptM ``Or.casesOn #[a, b, motive, h, inl, inr]
+  let mgoal ← Tactic.getMainGoal
+  trace[Arith] "goals: {← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals}"
+  trace[Arith] "main goal: {mgoal}"
+  mgoal.assign casesExpr
+  let goals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
+  -- Focus on the left
+  Tactic.setGoals [mleft]
+  kleft
+  let leftGoals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
+  -- Focus on the right
+  Tactic.setGoals [mright]
+  kright
+  let rightGoals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
+  -- Put all the goals back
+  Tactic.setGoals (leftGoals ++ rightGoals ++ goals)
+  trace[Arith] "new goals: {← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals}"
+
+elab "split_disj " n:ident : tactic => do
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  let decl ← Lean.Meta.getLocalDeclFromUserName n.getId
+  let fvar := mkFVar decl.fvarId
+  splitDisj fvar (fun _ => pure ()) (fun _ => pure ())
+
+example (x y : Int) (h0 : x ≤ y ∨ x ≥ y) : x ≤ y ∨ x ≥ y := by
+  split_disj h0
+  . left; assumption
+  . right; assumption
+
+-- Lookup the instances of `PropHasImp for all the sub-expressions in the context,
+-- and introduce the corresponding assumptions
+elab "intro_prop_has_imp_instances" : tactic => do
+  trace[Arith] "Introducing the PropHasImp instances"
+  let _ ← introInstances ``PropHasImp.concl lookupPropHasImp
+
+example (x y : Int) (h0 : x ≤ y) (h1 : x ≠ y) : x < y := by
+  intro_prop_has_imp_instances
+  rename_i h
+  split_disj h
+  . linarith
+  . linarith
+
+/- Boosting a bit the linarith tac.
+
+   We do the following:
+   - for all the assumptions of the shape `(x : Int) ≠ y` or `¬ (x = y), we
+     introduce two goals with the assumptions `x < y` and `x > y`
+     TODO: we could create a PR for mathlib.
+ -/
+def intTacPreprocess : Tactic.TacticM Unit := do
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  -- Lookup the instances of PropHasImp (this is how we detect assumptions
+  -- of the proper shape), introduce assumptions in the context and split
+  -- on those
+  -- TODO: get rid of the assumptions that we split
+  let rec splitOnAsms (asms : List Expr) : Tactic.TacticM Unit :=
+    match asms with
+    | [] => pure ()
+    | asm :: asms =>
+      let k := splitOnAsms asms
+      splitDisj asm k k
+  -- Introduce
+  let asms ← introInstances ``PropHasImp.concl lookupPropHasImp
+  -- Split
+  splitOnAsms asms.toList
+
+elab "int_tac_preprocess" : tactic =>
+  intTacPreprocess
+
+example (x : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) : 0 < x := by
+  int_tac_preprocess
+  linarith
+  linarith
+
+syntax "int_tac" : tactic
+macro_rules
+  | `(tactic| int_tac) =>
+    `(tactic|
+      (repeat (apply And.intro)) <;> -- TODO: improve this
+      int_tac_preprocess <;>
+      linarith)
+
+example (x : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) : 0 < x := by
+  int_tac
+
+-- Checking that things append correctly when there are several disjunctions
+example (x y : Int) (h0: 0 ≤ x) (h1: x ≠ 0) (h2 : 0 ≤ y) (h3 : y ≠ 0) : 0 < x ∧ 0 < y := by
+  int_tac
+
+-- A tactic to solve linear arithmetic goals in the presence of scalars
+syntax "scalar_tac" : tactic
+macro_rules
+  | `(tactic| scalar_tac) =>
+    `(tactic|
+      intro_has_prop_instances;
+      have := Scalar.cMin_bound ScalarTy.Usize;
+      have := Scalar.cMin_bound ScalarTy.Isize;
+      have := Scalar.cMax_bound ScalarTy.Usize;
+      have := Scalar.cMax_bound ScalarTy.Isize;
+      -- TODO: not too sure about that
+      simp only [*, Scalar.max, Scalar.min, Scalar.cMin, Scalar.cMax] at *;
+      int_tac)
+
+example (x y : U32) : x.val ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.U32 := by
+  scalar_tac
+
+example {a: Type} (v : Vec a) : v.val.length ≤ Scalar.max ScalarTy.Usize := by
+  scalar_tac
+
+end Arith
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Base.lean b/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Base.lean
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddd2dc24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backends/lean/Base/Arith/Base.lean
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import Lean
+
+namespace Arith
+
+open Lean Elab Term Meta
+
+-- We can't define and use trace classes in the same file
+initialize registerTraceClass `Arith
+
+end Arith
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/ArithBase.lean b/backends/lean/Base/ArithBase.lean
deleted file mode 100644
index ddd2dc24..00000000
--- a/backends/lean/Base/ArithBase.lean
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import Lean
-
-namespace Arith
-
-open Lean Elab Term Meta
-
--- We can't define and use trace classes in the same file
-initialize registerTraceClass `Arith
-
-end Arith
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/Diverge/Elab.lean b/backends/lean/Base/Diverge/Elab.lean
index 96f7abc0..f109e847 100644
--- a/backends/lean/Base/Diverge/Elab.lean
+++ b/backends/lean/Base/Diverge/Elab.lean
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ namespace Diverge
 syntax (name := divergentDef)
   declModifiers "divergent" "def" declId ppIndent(optDeclSig) declVal : command
 
-open Utils
 open Lean Elab Term Meta Primitives Lean.Meta
+open Utils
 
 /- The following was copied from the `wfRecursion` function. -/
 
@@ -47,21 +47,6 @@ def getSigmaTypes (ty : Expr) : MetaM (Expr × Expr) := do
   else
     pure (args.get! 0, args.get! 1)
 
-/- Like `lambdaTelescopeN` but only destructs a fixed number of lambdas -/
-def lambdaTelescopeN (e : Expr) (n : Nat) (k : Array Expr → Expr → MetaM α) : MetaM α :=
-  lambdaTelescope e fun xs body => do
-  if xs.size < n then throwError "lambdaTelescopeN: not enough lambdas";
-  let xs := xs.extract 0 n
-  let ys := xs.extract n xs.size
-  let body ← mkLambdaFVars ys body
-  k xs body
-
-/- Like `lambdaTelescope`, but only destructs one lambda
-   TODO: is there an equivalent of this function somewhere in the
-   standard library? -/
-def lambdaOne (e : Expr) (k : Expr → Expr → MetaM α) : MetaM α :=
-  lambdaTelescopeN e 1 λ xs b => k (xs.get! 0) b
-
 /- Generate a Sigma type from a list of *variables* (all the expressions
    must be variables).
 
diff --git a/backends/lean/Base/Utils.lean b/backends/lean/Base/Utils.lean
index 161b9ddb..2ce63620 100644
--- a/backends/lean/Base/Utils.lean
+++ b/backends/lean/Base/Utils.lean
@@ -116,4 +116,99 @@ partial def mapVisit (k : Nat → Expr → MetaM Expr) (e : Expr) : MetaM Expr :
     | .proj _ _ b => return e.updateProj! (← visit (i + 1) b)
   visit 0 e
 
+section Methods
+  variable [MonadLiftT MetaM m] [MonadControlT MetaM m] [Monad m] [MonadError m]
+  variable {a : Type}
+
+  /- Like `lambdaTelescopeN` but only destructs a fixed number of lambdas -/
+  def lambdaTelescopeN (e : Expr) (n : Nat) (k : Array Expr → Expr → m a) : m a :=
+    lambdaTelescope e fun xs body => do
+    if xs.size < n then throwError "lambdaTelescopeN: not enough lambdas"
+    let xs := xs.extract 0 n
+    let ys := xs.extract n xs.size
+    let body ← liftMetaM (mkLambdaFVars ys body)
+    k xs body
+
+  /- Like `lambdaTelescope`, but only destructs one lambda
+     TODO: is there an equivalent of this function somewhere in the
+     standard library? -/
+  def lambdaOne (e : Expr) (k : Expr → Expr → m a) : m a :=
+    lambdaTelescopeN e 1 λ xs b => k (xs.get! 0) b
+
+  def isExists (e : Expr) : Bool := e.getAppFn.isConstOf ``Exists ∧ e.getAppNumArgs = 2
+
+  -- Remark: Lean doesn't find the inhabited and nonempty instances if we don'
+  -- put them explicitely in the signature
+  partial def existsTelescopeProcess [Inhabited (m a)] [Nonempty (m a)]
+    (fvars : Array Expr) (e : Expr) (k : Array Expr → Expr → m a) : m a := do
+    -- Attempt to deconstruct an existential
+    if isExists e then do
+      let p := e.appArg!
+      lambdaOne p fun x ne =>
+      existsTelescopeProcess (fvars.push x) ne k
+    else
+      -- No existential: call the continuation
+      k fvars e
+
+  def existsTelescope [Inhabited (m a)] [Nonempty (m a)] (e : Expr) (k : Array Expr → Expr → m a) : m a := do
+    existsTelescopeProcess #[] e k
+
+end Methods
+
+def addDecl (name : Name) (val : Expr) (type : Expr) (asLet : Bool) : Tactic.TacticM Expr :=
+  -- I don't think we need that
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  -- Insert the new declaration
+  let withDecl := if asLet then withLetDecl name type val else withLocalDeclD name type
+  withDecl fun nval => do
+    -- For debugging
+    let lctx ← Lean.MonadLCtx.getLCtx
+    let fid := nval.fvarId!
+    let decl := lctx.get! fid
+    trace[Arith] "  new decl: \"{decl.userName}\" ({nval}) : {decl.type} := {decl.value}"
+    --
+    -- Tranform the main goal `?m0` to `let x = nval in ?m1`
+    let mvarId ← Tactic.getMainGoal
+    let newMVar ← mkFreshExprSyntheticOpaqueMVar (← mvarId.getType)
+    let newVal ← mkLetFVars #[nval] newMVar
+    -- There are two cases:
+    -- - asLet is true: newVal is `let $name := $val in $newMVar`
+    -- - asLet is false: ewVal is `λ $name => $newMVar`
+    --   We need to apply it to `val`
+    let newVal := if asLet then newVal else mkAppN newVal #[val]
+    -- Assign the main goal and update the current goal
+    mvarId.assign newVal
+    let goals ← Tactic.getUnsolvedGoals
+    Lean.Elab.Tactic.setGoals (newMVar.mvarId! :: goals)
+    -- Return the new value - note: we are in the *new* context, created
+    -- after the declaration was added, so it will persist
+    pure nval
+
+def addDeclSyntax (name : Name) (val : Syntax) (asLet : Bool) : Tactic.TacticM Unit :=
+  -- I don't think we need that
+  Lean.Elab.Tactic.withMainContext do
+  --
+  let val ← elabTerm val .none
+  let type ← inferType val
+  -- In some situations, the type will be left as a metavariable (for instance,
+  -- if the term is `3`, Lean has the choice between `Nat` and `Int` and will
+  -- not choose): we force the instantiation of the meta-variable
+  synthesizeSyntheticMVarsUsingDefault
+  --
+  let _ ← addDecl name val type asLet
+
+elab "custom_let " n:ident " := " v:term : tactic => do
+  addDeclSyntax n.getId v (asLet := true)
+
+elab "custom_have " n:ident " := " v:term : tactic =>
+  addDeclSyntax n.getId v (asLet := false)
+
+example : Nat := by
+  custom_let x := 4
+  custom_have y := 4
+  apply y
+
+example (x : Bool) : Nat := by
+  cases x <;> custom_let x := 3 <;> apply x
+
 end Utils
-- 
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